Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed TMDL Stage One%3A Final Report

              Final Report
Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed TMDL
Stage One
Final Report
July 2009
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Contents
Section 1 Goals and Objectives for Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
1.1 Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Overview ............................................. 1-1
1.2 TMDL Goals and Objectives for the Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed ....... 1-2
1.3 Report Overview .............................................................................................. 1-5
Section 2 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Description
2.1 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Location .................................................. 2-1
2.2 Topography ...................................................................................................... 2-1
2.3 Land Use .......................................................................................................... 2-1
2.4 Soils.................................................................................................................. 2-2
2.4.1 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Soil Characteristics ..................... 2-3
2.5 Population ........................................................................................................ 2-3
2.6 Climate, Pan Evaporation, and Streamflow ..................................................... 2-4
2.6.1 Climate ................................................................................................ 2-4
2.6.2 Pan Evaporation .................................................................................. 2-4
2.6.3 Streamflow .......................................................................................... 2-5
Section 3 Public Participation and Involvement
3.1 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Public Participation and Involvement ..... 3-1
Section 4 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Water Quality Standards
4.1 Illinois Water Quality Standards ...................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Designated Uses ............................................................................................... 4-1
4.2.1 General Use ......................................................................................... 4-1
4.2.2 Public and Food Processing Water Supplies ....................................... 4-1
4.3 Illinois Water Quality Standards ...................................................................... 4-2
4.4 Potential Pollutant Sources .............................................................................. 4-3
Section 5 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
5.1 Water Quality Data .......................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.1 Stream Water Quality Data ................................................................. 5-1
5.1.1.1 Fecal Coliform ................................................................. 5-1
5.1.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen ............................................................ 5-2
5.1.1.3 pH ..................................................................................... 5-4
5.1.1.4 Manganese ....................................................................... 5-4
5.1.1.5 Atrazine ............................................................................ 5-5
5.1.2 Lake Water Quality Data ..................................................................... 5-7
5.1.2.1 Coulterville Reservoir ...................................................... 5-7
5.1.2.1.1 Total Phosphorus .......................................... 5-8
5.1.2.1.2 Manganese .................................................... 5-9
Table of Contents
Total Maximum Daily Loads
Kaskaskia River/Sugar Creek Watershed
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FINAL
5.1.2.1.3 Atrazine ......................................................... 5-9
5.1.2.2 Sparta NW Reservoir ..................................................... 5-10
5.1.2.2.1 Total Phosphorus ........................................ 5-11
5.1.2.2.2 Manganese .................................................. 5-11
5.1.2.2.3 Atrazine ....................................................... 5-12
5.1.2.3 SLM Side Channel Reservoir ........................................ 5-12
5.1.2.3.1 Manganese .................................................. 5-13
5.1.2.3.2 Atrazine ....................................................... 5-13
5.2 Reservoir Characteristics ............................................................................... 5-14
5.2.1 SLM Reservoir .................................................................................. 5-14
5.2.2 Sparta NW Reservoir......................................................................... 5-15
5.2.3 Coulterville Reservoir ....................................................................... 5-15
5.3 Point Sources ................................................................................................. 5-16
5.4 Nonpoint Sources ........................................................................................... 5-16
5.4.1 Crop Information ............................................................................... 5-16
5.4.2 Animal Operations ............................................................................ 5-18
5.4.3 Septic Systems ................................................................................... 5-20
5.5 Watershed Studies and Other Watershed Information ................................... 5-21
Section 6 Approach to Developing TMDL and Identification of Data Needs
6.1 Simple and Detailed Approaches for Developing TMDLs .............................. 6-1
6.2 Approaches for Developing TMDLs for Stream Segments in Lower
Kaskaskia River Watershed ............................................................................. 6-1
6.2.1 Recommended Approach for DO TMDLs for Stream Segments ....... 6-1
6.2.2 Recommended Approach for pH TMDL in Kaskaskia River
Segment O-30 ...................................................................................... 6-2
6.2.3 Recommended Approach for Fecal Coliform, Manganese and
Atrazine TMDLs ................................................................................. 6-2
6.3 Approaches for Developing TMDLs for Lake Segments in the Lower
Kaskaskia River Watershed ............................................................................. 6-3
6.3.1 Recommended Approach for Total Phosphorus TMDLs .................... 6-3
6.3.2 Recommended Approach for Manganese TMDLs ............................. 6-3
6.3.3 Recommended Approach for Atrazine TMDLs .................................. 6-4
Appendices
Appendix A Land Use Categories
Appendix B Soil Characteristics
Appendix C Water Quality Data
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Figures
1-1 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
2-1 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Elevation
2-2 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Land Use
2-3 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Soils
2-4 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed USGS Gages
2-5 Lower Kaskaskia River Monthly Flows
5-1 Water Quality Sampling Locations
5-2 Fecal Coliform Counts Lower Kaskaskia River
5-3 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations on Kaskaskia River Segment O-30,
Horse Creek Segment OB-03, Richland Creek South Segment OC-04
and Mud Creek Segment OE-02
5-4 Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations Facility Related Stream Surveys
Richland Creek South Segment OC-95 and Kinney Branch Segment
OCF
5-5 pH Values Kaskaskia River Segment O-30
5-6 Manganese Concentrations Public Water Supply Streams Lower
Kaskaskia River Watershed
5-7 Manganese Concentrations Kinney Branch and Mud Creek
5-8 Atrazine Concentrations Kaskaskia River Segment O-03
5-9 Atrazine Concentrations Kaskaskia River Segment O-30
5-10 Coulterville Reservoir Water Quality Sampling Locations
5-11 Annual Average Phosphorus Concentrations Coulterville Reservoir
5-12 Atrazine Concentrations in Surface Water Coulterville Reservoir
5-13 Atrazine Concentrations in Raw and Treated Water Coulterville
Reservoir
5-14 Sparta NW Reservoir Water Quality Sampling Locations
5-15 Total Phosphorus Concentrations at One-Foot Depth Sparta NW
Reservoir
5-16 Atrazine Concentrations at SOC-2 Sparta NW Reservoir
5-17 SLM Side Channel Reservoir Water Quality Sampling Location
5-18 Atrazine Concentrations at SOL-1 SLM Side Channel Reservoir
5-19 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Point Sources
List of Figures
Total Maximum Daily Loads
Kaskaskia River/Sugar Creek Watershed
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Tables
1-1 Impaired Water Bodies in Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed ....................... 1-3
2-1 Land Cover and Land Use in Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed .................. 2-2
2-2 Average Monthly Climate Data in Sparta, Illinois .......................................... 2-4
2-3 Streamflow Gages in the Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed ......................... 2-5
2-4 Permitted Facilities that Discharge into Richland Creek Above Gage
05595200 ......................................................................................................... 2-5
4-1 Summary of Numeric Water Quality Standards for Potential Causes of
Lake Impairments in the Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed ......................... 4-2
4-2 Summary of Numeric Water Quality Standards for Potential Causes of
Stream Impairments in the Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed ...................... 4-3
4-3 Summary of Potential Pollutant Sources in the Lower Kaskaskia River
Watershed ........................................................................................................ 4-4
5-1 Existing Fecal Coliform Data for Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Impaired Stream Segments .............................................................................. 5-2
5-2 Existing Manganese Data for the Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Impaired Stream Segments .............................................................................. 5-2
5-3 Data Availability for DO Data Needs Analysis and Future Modeling
Efforts .............................................................................................................. 5-3
5-4 Existing pH Data for Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Impaired
Stream Segments .............................................................................................. 5-4
5-5 Existing Manganese Data for the Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Impaired Stream Segments .............................................................................. 5-5
5-6 Recent Atrazine Data from Impaired Kaskaskia River Segment O-03
and O-30 .......................................................................................................... 5-6
5-7 Annual and Quarterly Average Atrazine Concentrations in Kaskaskia
River Segments O-03, Untreated Water .......................................................... 5-7
5-8 Annual and Quarterly Average Atrazine Concentrations in Kaskaskia
River Segments O-30, Untreated Water .......................................................... 5-7
5-9 Coulterville Reservoir Data Inventory for Impairments .................................. 5-8
5-10 Coulterville Reservoir Data Availability for Data Needs Analysis and
Future Modeling Efforts .................................................................................. 5-8
5-11 Average Total Phosphorus Concentrations (mg/L) in Coulterville
Reservoir at One-Foot Depth ........................................................................... 5-9
5-12 Historical Total Manganese Concentrations (μg/L) in Coulterville
Reservoir .......................................................................................................... 5-9
5-13 Atrazine Concentrations in Raw and Treated Water from Coulterville
Reservoir ........................................................................................................ 5-10
5-14 Annual and Quarterly Average Atrazine Concentrations in Coulterville
Reservoir, Untreated Water Collected at the Raw Water Intake ................... 5-10
5-15 Sparta NW Reservoir Data Inventory for Impairments ................................. 5-10
List of Tables
Total Maximum Daily Loads
Kaskaskia River/Sugar Creek Watershed
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5-16 Sparta NW Reservoir Data Availability for Data Needs Analysis and
Future Modeling Efforts ................................................................................ 5-11
5-17 Average Total Phosphorus Concentrations (mg/L) in Sparta NW
Reservoir at One-Foot Depth ......................................................................... 5-11
5-18 Historical Total Manganese Concentrations (μg/L) in Sparta NW
Reservoir ........................................................................................................ 5-12
5-19 Available Atrazine Data in Sparta NW Reservoir ......................................... 5-12
5-20 SLM Side Channel Reservoir Data Inventory for Impairments .................... 5-12
5-21 Historical Total Manganese Concentrations (μg/L) in SLM Side
Channel Reservoir .......................................................................................... 5-13
5-22 Available Atrazine Data in SLM Side Channel Reservoir ............................ 5-13
5.23 Average Maximum Depths (ft) for Coulterville Reservoir ............................ 5-15
5-24 Permitted Facilities Discharging to or Upstream of Impaired Segments
in the Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed ...................................................... 5-16
5-25 Tillage Practices in Clinton County ............................................................... 5-16
5-26 Tillage Practices in Monroe County .............................................................. 5-17
5-27 Tillage Practices in Perry County .................................................................. 5-17
5-28 Tillage Practices in Randolph County ........................................................... 5-17
5-29 Tillage Practices in St. Clair County .............................................................. 5-17
5-30 Tillage Practices in Washington County ........................................................ 5-17
5-31 Clinton County Animal Population ............................................................... 5-18
5-32 Monroe County Animal Population .............................................................. 5-18
5-33 Perry County Animal Population ................................................................... 5-18
5-34 Randolph County Animal Population ............................................................ 5-19
5-35 St. Clair County Animal Population .............................................................. 5-19
5-36 Washington County Animal Population ........................................................ 5-19
6-1 Dissolved Oxygen Data for Impaired Stream Segments ................................. 6-1
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Section 1
Goals and Objectives for the Lower Kaskaskia
River Watershed
1.1 Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Overview
A Total Maximum Daily Load, or TMDL, is a calculation of the maximum amount of
a pollutant that a water body can receive and still meet water quality standards.
TMDLs are a requirement of Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act (CWA). To meet
this requirement, the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (Illinois EPA) must
identify water bodies not meeting water quality standards and then establish TMDLs
for restoration of water quality. Illinois EPA develops a list known as the "303(d) list"
of water bodies not meeting water quality standards every two years, and it is included
in the Integrated Water Quality Report. Water bodies on the 303(d) list are then
targeted for TMDL development. The Illinois EPA's most recent draft Integrated
Water Quality Report was issued in March 2008 and is currently awaiting approval by
USEPA. In accordance with USEPA's guidance, the report assigns all waters of the
state to one of five categories. 303(d) listed water bodies make up category five in the
integrated report (Appendix A of the draft 2008 Integrated Report).
In general, a TMDL is a quantitative assessment of water quality impairments,
contributing sources, and pollutant reductions needed to attain water quality standards.
The TMDL specifies the amount of pollutant or other stressor that needs to be reduced
to meet water quality standards, allocates pollutant control or management
responsibilities among sources in a watershed, and provides a scientific and policy
basis for taking actions needed to restore a water body.
Water quality standards are laws or regulations that states authorize to enhance water
quality and protect public health and welfare. Water quality standards provide the
foundation for accomplishing two of the principal goals of the CWA. These goals are:
  Restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's
waters
  Where attainable, to achieve water quality that promotes protection and propagation
of fish, shellfish, and wildlife, and provides for recreation in and on the water
Water quality standards consist of three elements:
  The designated beneficial use or uses of a water body or segment of a water body
  The water quality criteria necessary to protect the use or uses of that particular water
body
  An antidegradation policy
Section 1
Goals and Objectives for Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
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Examples of designated uses are primary contact (swimming), protection of aquatic
life, and public and food processing water supply. Water quality criteria describe the
quality of water that will support a designated use. Water quality criteria can be
expressed as numeric limits or as a narrative statement. Antidegradation policies are
adopted so that water quality improvements are conserved, maintained, and protected.
1.2 TMDL Goals and Objectives for the Lower Kaskaskia
River Watershed
The Illinois EPA has a three-stage approach to TMDL development. The stages are:
  Stage 1 – Watershed Characterization, Data Analysis, Methodology Selection
  Stage 2 – Data Collection (optional)
  Stage 3 – Model Calibration, TMDL Scenarios, Implementation Plan
This report addresses Stage 1 TMDL development for the Lower Kaskaskia River
watershed. Stages 2 and 3 will be conducted upon completion of Stage 1. Stage 2 is
optional as data collection may not be necessary if additional data are not required to
establish the TMDL.
Following this process, the TMDL goals and objectives for the Lower Kaskaskia River
watershed will include developing TMDLs for all impaired water bodies within the
watershed, describing all of the necessary elements of the TMDL, developing an
implementation plan for each TMDL, and gaining public acceptance of the process.
Following are the impaired water body segments in the Lower Kaskaskia River
watershed for which a TMDL will be developed:
  Kaskaskia River (O03)
  Kaskaskia River (O20)
  Kaskaskia River (O30)
  Kaskaskia River (O97)
  Salem Side Channel Reservoir (SOL)
  Horse Creek (OB03)
  Richland Creek- South (OC04)
  Richland Creek- South (OC95)
  Kinney Branch (OCF)
  Sparta NW Reservoir (SOC)
  Mud Creek (OE02)
  Coulterville Reservoir (ROV)
These impaired water body segments are shown on Figure 1-1. There are 12 impaired
water body segments within the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed that will have
TMDLs developed at this time. Table 1-1 lists the water body segment, water body
size, and potential causes and sources of impairment for the water body.
Section 1
Goals and Objectives for Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
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Table 1-1 Impaired Water Bodies in Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Water Body
Segment ID
Water Body
Name Size Impaired Use Cause of Impairment* Potential Sources
O03 Kaskaskia
River
15.25
miles
Aquatic Life Impairment Unknown Unknown
Public Water
Supply
Atrazine Unknown, Crop
Production
Manganese Unknown
O20 Kaskaskia
River
22.3
miles
Primary
Contact
Recreation
Fecal Coliform Unknown
Public Water
Supplies
Manganese Unknown
O97 Kaskaskia
River
8.89
miles
Aquatic Life Impairment Unknown Unknown
Public Water
Supplies
Manganese Unknown
SOL SLM Side
Channel
Reservoir
7 acres Public Water
Supplies
Atrazine Unknown, Crop
Production
Manganese Unknown
OE02 Mud Creek 34.29
miles
Aquatic Life Manganese Unknown
Dissolved Oxygen Unknown
Phosphorus (Total) Animal Feeding
Operations
Sedimentation/Siltation Animal Feeding
Operations, Crop
Production
ROV Coulterville
Reservoir
23.6
acres
Aesthetic
Quality
Phosphorus (Total) Crop Production
Public Water
Supplies
Atrazine Crop Production
Manganese Unknown
OB03 Horse Creek 28.09
miles
Aquatic Life Dissolved Oxygen Animal Feeding
Operations
Sedimentation/Siltation Crop Production
OC04 Richland
Creek- South
17.51
miles
Aquatic Life Nitrogen (Total) Municipal Point Source
Discharges, Crop
Production, Combined
Sewer Overflows, Urban
Runoff/Storm Sewers
Dissolved Oxygen Municipal Point Source
Discharges, Urban
Runoff/Storm Sewers,
Combined Sewer
Overflows
Phosphorus (Total) Crop Production, Urban
Runoff/Storm Sewers,
Combined Sewer
Overflows, Municipal
Point Source Discharges
Sedimentation/Siltation Crop Production, Surface
Mining, Urban
Runoff/Storm Sewers
Total Suspended Solids Urban Runoff/Storm
Sewers, Surface Mining,
Crop Production
Section 1
Goals and Objectives for Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
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Table 1-1 Impaired Water Bodies in Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed (cont.)
Water Body
Segment ID
Water Body
Name Size Impaired Use Cause of Impairment* Potential Sources
OCF Kinney
Branch
4.98
miles
Aquatic Life Manganese Urban Runoff/Storm
Sewers
Nitrogen (Total) Municipal Point Source
Discharges, Crop
Production, Urban
Runoff/Storm Sewers
Dissolved Oxygen Urban Runoff/Storm
Sewers, Municipal Point
Source Discharges
Phosphorus (Total) Urban Runoff/Storm
Sewers, Crop Production,
Municipal Point Source
Discharges
OC95 Richland
Creek- South
2.9
miles
Aquatic Life Nitrogen (Total) Urban Runoff/Storm
Sewers, Municipal Point
Source Discharges
Dissolved Oxygen Municipal Point Source
Discharges, Urban
Runoff/Storm Sewers
Phosphorus (Total) Municipal Point Source
Discharges, Urban
Runoff/Storm Sewers
SOC Sparta NW
Reservoir
33
acres
Aesthetic
Quality
Phosphorus (Total) Crop Production
Public Water
Supplies
Atrazine Unknown, Crop
Production
Manganese Unknown
O30 Kaskaskia
River
13.32
miles
Aquatic Life Dissolved Oxygen
Unknown
pH Unknown
Phosphorus (Total) Crop Production
Sedimentation/Siltation Crop Production
Total Suspended Solids Crop Production
Primary
Contact
Recreation
Fecal Coliform Unknown
Public Water
Supply
Atrazine Unknown, Crop
Production
Manganese Unknown
* Bold Causes of Impairment have numeric water quality standards and TMDLs will be developed. Italicized Causes of
Impairment do not have numeric water quality standard.
Illinois EPA is currently only developing TMDLs for parameters that have numeric
water quality standards, and therefore the remaining sections of this report will focus
on the pH, dissolved oxygen, total fecal coliform, manganese, atrazine, and total
phosphorus (numeric standard) impairments in the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed.
For potential causes that do not have numeric water quality standards as noted in Table
1-1, TMDLs will not be developed at this time. However, in the implementation plans
completed during Stage 3 of the TMDL, some of these potential causes may be
addressed by implementation of controls for the pollutants with water quality
standards.
Section 1
Goals and Objectives for Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
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The TMDL for the segments listed above will specify the following elements:
  Loading Capacity (LC) or the maximum amount of pollutant loading a water body
can receive without violating water quality standards
  Waste Load Allocation (WLA) or the portion of the TMDL allocated to existing or
future point sources
  Load Allocation (LA) or the portion of the TMDL allocated to existing or future
nonpoint sources and natural background
  Margin of Safety (MOS) or an accounting of uncertainty about the relationship
between pollutant loads and receiving water quality
These elements are combined into the following equation:
TMDL = LC =  WLA +  LA + MOS
The TMDL developed must also take into account the seasonal variability of pollutant
loads so that water quality standards are met during all seasons of the year. Also,
reasonable assurance that the TMDL will be achieved will be described in the
implementation plan. The implementation plan for the Lower Kaskaskia River
watershed will describe how water quality standards will be attained. This
implementation plan will include recommendations for implementing best
management practices (BMPs), cost estimates, institutional needs to implement BMPs
and controls throughout the watershed, and a timeframe for completion of
implementation activities.
1.3 Report Overview
The remaining sections of this report contain:
  Section 2 Lower Kaskaskia River Characteristics provides a description of the
watershed's location, topography, geology, land use, soils, population, and
hydrology.
  Section 3 Public Participation and Involvement discusses public participation
activities that will occur throughout TMDL development.
  Section 4 Lower Kaskaskia River Water Quality Standards defines the water
quality standards for the impaired water bodies.
  Section 5 Lower Kaskaskia River Characterization presents the available water
quality data needed to develop TMDLs, discusses the characteristics of the impaired
reservoirs in the watershed, and also describes the point and non-point sources with
potential to contribute to the watershed load.
Section 1
Goals and Objectives for Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
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  Section 6 Approach to Developing TMDL and Identification of Data Needs
makes recommendations for the models and analysis that will be needed for TMDL
development and also suggests segments for Stage 2 data collection.
!
!
!
Richland Creek
OC-95
Kinney Branch
OCF
Richland Creek
OC-04
KaskaskiaRiver
O-20
Horse Creek
OB-03
§¨¦64
Kaskaskia
River
O-97 ¬«154
¬«3
Coulterville
ROV
Little Mud Creek
OE-02
Plum Creek SpartaNW
SOC
SLM Side
ChannelReservoir
SOL
Silver Creek
Silver Creek
Madison
Madison
St. Clair
St. Clair St. Clair
Monroe
Randolph St. Clair
Prarie DuLong
Grantfork
Summerfield
¬«4
¬«15
¬«153
¬«160
¬«159
tu50
¬«1
¬«13
Kaskaskia
River
O-30
Kaskaskia River
O-03
St. Clair
Madison
Randolph
Monroe
Washington Clinton
Bond
Perry
Macoupin
Montgomery
Clinton
Sparta
Belleville
O'Fallon
Marissa
Troy
Mascoutah
Scott AFB
Shiloh
Swansea
Lebanon
Oakdale
Red Bud
Collinsville
Freeburg
Hamel
Tilden
New Athens
Fairview Heights
Williamson
Lenzburg
Marine
Smithton
St. Libory
Alhambra
Waterloo
Millstadt
Evansville
Ruma
St. Jacob
Mount Olive
New Baden
Ellis Grove
Staunton
Figure 1-1
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
 
DRAFT 0 5 10 20 Miles
Legend
Municipalities
County Boundary
Interstates
State and US Highways
Watershed
Streams and Rivers
Minor Streams
Lakes and Reservoirs
303(d) Listed Lakes
303(d) Listed Streams
Section 1
Goals and Objectives for Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
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Section 2
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Description
2.1 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Location
The Lower Kaskaskia River watershed (Figure 1-1) is located in southern Illinois,
flows in a southerly direction, and drains 915,493 acres. Approximately 330,000 acres
(36% of the total watershed) lie in St. Clair County, 170,000 acres (19% of the total
watershed) lie in Madison County, 167,000 acres (18% of the total watershed) lie in
Randolph County, 111,000 acres (12% of the total watershed) lie in Washington
County, and 97,000 acres (11% of the total watershed) lie in Monroe County. Small
portions of the watershed, less than 5 percent of the total watershed area, are within
Clinton, Macoupin, Bond, Perry, and Montgomery Counties.
2.2 Topography
Topography is an important factor in watershed management because stream types,
precipitation, and soil types can vary dramatically by elevation. National Elevation
Dataset (NED) coverages containing 30-meter grid resolution elevation data are
available from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for each 1:24,000-topographic
quadrangle in the United States. Elevation data for the Lower Kaskaskia River
watershed were obtained by overlaying the NED grid onto the GIS-delineated
watershed. Figure 2-1 shows the elevations found within the watershed.
Elevation in the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed ranges from 751 feet above sea
level at the northern tip of the watershed near Mount Olive and in the southwest
portion of the watershed near Waterloo to 338 feet at its most downstream point along
the Kaskaskia River in the southern end of the watershed.
2.3 Land Use
Land use data for the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed were extracted from the
Illinois Gap Analysis Project (IL-GAP) Land Cover data layer. IL-GAP was started at
the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) in 1996, and the land cover layer was the
first component of the project. The IL-GAP Land Cover data layer is a product of the
Illinois Interagency Landscape Classification Project (IILCP), an initiative to produce
statewide land cover information on a recurring basis cooperatively managed by the
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agricultural Statistics
Service (NASS), the Illinois Department of Agriculture (IDA), and the Illinois
Department of Natural Resources (IDNR). The land cover data was generated using
30-meter grid resolution satellite imagery taken during 1999 and 2000. The IL-GAP
Land Cover data layer contains 23 land cover categories, including detailed
classification in the vegetated areas of Illinois. Appendix A contains a complete listing
of land cover categories. (Source: IDNR, INHS, IDA, USDA NASS's 1:100,000 Scale
Land Cover of Illinois 1999-2000, Raster Digital Data, Version 2.0, September 2003.)
Section 2
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Description
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The land use of the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed was determined by overlaying
the IL-GAP Land Cover data layer onto the GIS-delineated watershed. Table 2-1
contains the land uses contributing to the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed, based on
the IL-GAP land cover categories and also includes the area of each land cover
category and percentage of the watershed area. Figure 2-2 illustrates the land uses of
the watershed.
Table 2-1 Land Cover and Land Use in Lower Kaskaskia River
Watershed
Land Cover Category
Area
(Acres) Percentage
Soybeans 247,410 27.0
Corn 216,196 23.6
Winter Wheat/Soybeans 91,343 10.0
Rural Grassland 87,709 9.6
Upland Forest 74,166 8.1
Floodplain Forest 55,566 6.1
Winter Wheat 32,784 3.6
Low/Medium Density 24,061 2.6
Partial Canopy/Savannah Upland 13,864 1.5
Surface Water 13,382 1.5
High Density 13,253 1.4
Urban Open Space 12,999 1.4
Other Small Grains & Hay 11,772 1.3
Seasonally/Temporarily Flooded 5,430 0.6
Deep Marsh 4,676 0.5
Other Agriculture 4,354 0.5
Shallow Marsh/Wet Meadow 2,955 0.3
Shallow Water 1,840 0.2
Barren & Exposed Land 952 0.1
Coniferous 530 0.1
Swamp 247 <0.1
Total 915,493 100.0
The land cover data reveal that approximately 691,570 acres, representing over
76 percent of the total watershed area, are devoted to agricultural activities. Corn and
soybean farming account for 24 and 27 percent of the watershed area, respectively, and
winter wheat/soybean farming and rural grassland each account for 10 percent of the
watershed. Upland forest and floodplain forest account for 8 and 6 percent of the total
area, respectively. Other land cover types each represent less than 5 percent of the
watershed area.
2.4 Soils
Soils data are available through the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database. For
SSURGO data, field mapping methods using national standards are used to construct
the soil maps. Mapping scales generally range from 1:12,000 to 1:63,360 making
SSURGO the most detailed level of soil mapping done by the NRCS.
Attributes of the spatial coverage can be linked to the SSURGO databases, which
provide information on various chemical and physical soil characteristics for each map
unit and soil series. Of particular interest for TMDL development are the hydrologic
Section 2
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soil groups as well as the k-factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation. The following
sections describe and summarize the specified soil characteristics for the Lower
Kaskaskia River watershed.
2.4.1 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Soil Characteristics
Appendix B contains a table of the SSURGO soil series for the Lower Kaskaskia River
watershed. Various soil types exist in the watershed, but no single type covers more
than 1 percent of the watershed. The table also contains the area, dominant hydrologic
soil group, and k-factor range. Each of these characteristics is described in more detail
in the following paragraphs.
Figure 2-3 shows the hydrologic soils groups found within the Lower Kaskaskia River
watershed. Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff from precipitation. Soils
are assigned to one of four groups. They are grouped according to the infiltration of
water when the soils are thoroughly wet and receive precipitation from long-duration
storms. Hydrologic soil groups A, B, C, D, B/D, and C/D are found within the Lower
Kaskaskia River watershed. Groups B, C, and D cover about 42, 34, and 16 percent of
the watershed, respectively, and the other groups cover only trivial percent of the
watershed. Group B soils are defined as having "moderately low runoff potential when
thoroughly wet." These soils have a moderate rate of water transmission. Group C soils
are defined as having "moderately high runoff potential when thoroughly wet." These
soils have a low rate of water transmission. Group D soils are defined as having "high
runoff potential when thoroughly wet." These soils have a very low or non-existent
rate of water transmission (NRCS 2007).
A commonly used soil attribute is the K-factor. The K-factor:
Indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill erosion by water.
(The K-factor) is one of six factors used in the Universal Soil Loss
Equation (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet
and rill erosion. Losses are expressed in tons per acre per year. These
estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and organic
matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil structure and permeability. Values
of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. The higher the value, the more susceptible
the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water (NRCS 2005).
The distribution of K-factor values in the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed range
from 0.15 to 0.49.
2.5 Population
The Census 2000 TIGER/Line data from the U.S. Census Bureau were retrieved.
Geographic shapefiles of census blocks were downloaded for Washington, St. Clair,
Randolph, Perry, Montgomery, Monroe, Madison, Clinton, and Bond Counties. The
census block shapefiles were clipped to each watershed so that only block populations
directly associated with the watershed would be counted. City populations were taken
from the U.S. Census Bureau. For municipalities located along a watershed boarder,
Section 2
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population was estimated based on the percentage of the municipalities' area within the
watershed boundary. Approximately 321,200 people reside in the Lower Kaskaskia
River watershed. The major municipalities in the watershed are shown in Figure 1-1.
The city of Belleville, which has a total population of 41,400 lies in the watershed and
is the largest population center in the watershed.
2.6 Climate, Pan Evaporation, and Streamflow
2.6.1 Climate
Southwest Illinois has a temperate climate with hot summers and cold, snowy winters.
Monthly precipitation data from Sparta, Illinois (station id. 8147) in Randolph County
were extracted from the NCDC database for the years of 1901 through 2006. The data
station in Sparta, Illinois was chosen to be representative of precipitation throughout
the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed.
Table 2-2 contains the average monthly precipitation along with average high and low
temperatures for the period of record. The average annual precipitation is
approximately 38.3 inches.
Table 2-2 Average Monthly Climate Data in Sparta, Illinois (1901-2006)
Month
Total Precipitation
(inches)
Maximum Temperature
(degrees F)
Minimum Temperature
(degrees F)
January 2.7 41 23
February 1.4 45 26
March 2.6 56 35
April 4.2 68 45
May 4.8 76 53
June 4.0 84 62
July 4.2 90 66
August 4.2 88 65
September 2.8 82 57
October 3.0 71 46
November 2.6 57 36
December 1.8 44 27
Total 38.3 67 45
2.6.2 Pan Evaporation
Through the ISWS website, pan evaporation data are available from nine locations
across Illinois (ISWS 2007). The Belleville station was chosen to be representative of
pan evaporation conditions for Sparta NW, SLM Side Channel, and Coulterville
Reservoirs. The Belleville station is located approximately 11.3 miles west of SLM
Side Channel Reservoir, approximately 36.4 miles northwest of Sparta NW Reservoir,
and approximately 35.9 miles northwest of Coulterville Reservoir. The station was
chosen for its proximity to the 303(d)-listed water bodies in south central Illinois and
the completeness of the dataset. The average monthly pan evaporation at the Belleville
station for the years 1986 to 2006 yields an average annual pan evaporation of
100 inches. Actual evaporation is typically less than pan evaporation, so the average
annual pan evaporation was multiplied by 0.75 to calculate an average annual
evaporation of 75 inches (ISWS 2007).
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2.6.3 Streamflow
Analysis of the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed requires an understanding of flow
throughout the drainage area. Four USGS gages within the watershed have available
and recent data (Figure 2-4). Table 2-3 summarizes the stations along with their
respective information.
Table 2-3 Streamflow Gages in the Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Gage
Number Name POR
05594450 Silver Creek near Troy, Illinois 1966-2008
05594100 Kaskaskia River near Venedy Station, Illinois 1969-2008
05594800 Silver Creek near Freeburg, Illinois 1970-2008
05595200 Richland Creek near Hecker, Illinois 1969-2008
USGS gage 05594100 (Kaskaskia River near Venedy Station, Illinois) and gage
05595200 (Richland Creek near Hecker, Illinois) were chosen as the appropriate gages
from which to estimate flows for the impaired water bodies within the Lower
Kaskaskia River watershed. USGS gage 05594100 is located on the Kaskaskia River
approximately 10.5 miles southeast of the city of Mascoutah, Illinois and will be used
to analyze flow data along the Kaskaskia River. The drainage area to the gage is
approximately 4393 square miles. USGS gage 05595200 is located on Richland Creek
and is approximately 13 miles south of the city of Belleville, Illinois and will be used
to analyze flow along the smaller impaired creeks within the Lower Kaskaskia River
watershed. The drainage area to the gage is approximately 129 square miles.
Data were downloaded through the USGS for the Kaskaskia River and Richland Creek
gages for the available period of records, which were both 1969-2008. As previously
mentioned, the Kaskaskia River at gage 055994100 has a drainage area of 4,393 square
miles, which has a significant number of point sources within the drainage area. The
streamflow data includes waters received from point sources. This influence will be
further quantified during the Stage 3 TMDL development. For Richland Creek, there
are eight permitted facilities upstream of the USGS gage on Richland Creek. Table 2-4
shows the permitted facilities upstream of the USGS gages on Richland Creek.
Richland Creek receives a cumulative discharge of 12.3 million gallons per day (mgd)
before gage 05595200.
Table 2-4 Permitted Facilities that Discharge into Richland Creek Above Gage 05595200
NPDES Permit Number Facility Name Permitted Discharge (mgd)
ILG580026 Smithton STP 0.240
IL0020753 Freeburg East STP 0.310
IL0021181 Swansea STP 2.700
IL0021873 Belleville STP #1 8.000
IL0032310 Freeburg West STP 0.400
IL0032514 Millstadt STP 0.500
ILG580250 Smithton-Wildwood 0.154
IL0075442 Home Oil Company-Belleville 0.010
Total 8 12.314
The average monthly flows in the Kaskaskia River range from 934 cubic feet per
second (cfs) to 6511 cfs with a mean flow of 3,622 cfs (see Figure 2-5). For Richland
Section 2
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Description
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Creek, the before-mentioned cumulative discharge flows from the permitted facilities
were subtracted from the USGS gage flows to account for flows associated with
precipitation and overland runoff only. The average monthly naturally occurring flows
in Richland Creek range from 22 cfs to 164 cfs with a mean flow of 93 cfs (see Figure
2-5). Further efforts to quantify watershed contributions and flows for each impaired
water body will be performed during Stage 3 of TMDL development.
Richland Creek
OC-95
Kinney Branch
OCF
Richland Creek
OC-04
Kaskaskia River
O-20
Horse Creek
OB-03
§¨¦64
Kaskaskia
River
O-97 ¬«154
¬«3
Coulterville
ROV
Little Mud Creek
OE-02
Plum Creek Sparta NW
SOC
SLM Side
ChannelReservoir
SOL
Silver Creek
Silver Creek
Madison
Madison
St. Clair
St. Clair St. Clair
Monroe
Randolph St. Clair
Prarie DuLong
Grantfork
Summerfield
¬«4
¬«15
¬«153
¬«160
¬«159
tu50
¬«1
¬«13
Kaskaskia
River
O-30
Kaskaskia River
O-03
St. Clair
Madison
Randolph
Monroe
Washington Clinton
Bond
Perry
Macoupin
Montgomery
Clinton
Sparta
Belleville
O'Fallon
Marissa
Troy
Mascoutah
Scott AFB
Shiloh
Swansea
Lebanon
Oakdale
Red Bud
Collinsville
Freeburg
Hamel
Tilden
New Athens
Fairview Heights
Williamson
Lenzburg
Marine
Smithton
St. Libory
Alhambra
Waterloo
Millstadt
Evansville
Ruma
St. Jacob
Mount Olive
New Baden
Ellis Grove
Staunton
Figure 2-1
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Elevation
 
DRAFT 0 5 10 20 Miles
Legend
County Boundary
Interstates
State and US Highways
Watershed
Streams and Rivers
Minor Streams
Lakes and Reservoirs
303(d) Listed Lakes
303(d) Listed Streams
Elevation (feet)
338 - 393
394 - 415
416 - 434
435 - 454
455 - 474
475 - 494
495 - 514
515 - 533
534 - 553
554 - 573
574 - 595
596 - 622
623 - 652
653 - 686
687 - 751
Section 2
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Description
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!
!
Richland Creek
OC-95
Kinney Branch
OCF
Richland Creek
OC-04
Kaskaskia River
O-20
Horse Creek
OB-03
§¨¦64
Kaskaskia
River
O-97 ¬«154
¬«3
Coulterville
ROV
Little Mud Creek
OE-02
Plum Creek Sparta NW
SOC
SLM Side
ChannelReservoir
SOL
Silver Creek
Silver Creek
Madison
Madison
St. Clair
St. Clair St. Clair
Monroe
Randolph St. Clair
Prarie DuLong
Grantfork
Summerfield
¬«4
¬«15
¬«153
¬«160
¬«159
tu50
¬«1
¬«13
Kaskaskia
River
O-30
Kaskaskia River
O-03
St. Clair
Madison
Randolph
Monroe
Washington Clinton
Bond
Perry
Macoupin
Montgomery
Clinton
Sparta
Belleville
O'Fallon
Marissa
Troy
Mascoutah
Scott AFB
Shiloh
Swansea
Lebanon
Oakdale
Red Bud
Collinsville
Freeburg
Hamel
Tilden
New Athens
Fairview Heights
Williamson
Lenzburg
Marine
Smithton
St. Libory
Alhambra
Waterloo
Millstadt
Evansville
Ruma
St. Jacob
Mount Olive
New Baden
Ellis Grove
Staunton
Figure 2-2
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Land Use
 
DRAFT 0 5 10 20 Miles
Legend
County Boundary
Interstates
State and US Highways
Streams and Rivers
Minor Streams
Lakes and Reservoirs
303(d) Listed Lakes
303(d) Listed Streams
Land Cover
Barren & Exposed Land
Coniferous
Corn
Deep Marsh
Floodplain Forest
High Density
Low/Medium Density
Other Agriculture
Other Small Grains & Hay
Partial Canopy/Savannah Upland
Rural Grassland
Seasonally/Temporarily Flooded
Shallow Marsh/Wet Meadow
Shallow Water
Soybeans
Surface Water
Swamp
Upland
Urban Open Space
Winter Wheat
Winter Wheat/Soybeans
Section 2
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Description
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Richland Creek
OC-95
Kinney Branch
OCF
Richland Creek
OC-04
Kaskaskia River
O-20
Horse Creek
OB-03
§¨¦64
Kaskaskia
River
O-97 ¬«154
¬«3
Coulterville
ROV
Little Mud Creek
OE-02
Plum Creek Sparta NW
SOC
SLM Side
Channel Reservoir
SOL
Silver Creek
Silver Creek
Madison
Madison
St. Clair
St. Clair St. Clair
Monroe
Randolph St. Clair
Prarie Du
Long
Grantfork
Summerfield
¬«4
¬«15
¬«153
¬«160
¬«159
£¤50
¬«1
¬«13
Kaskaskia
River
O-30
Kaskaskia River
O-03
St. Clair
Madison
Randolph
Monroe
Washington Clinton
Bond
Perry
Macoupin
Montgomery
Clinton
Sparta
Belleville
O'Fallon
Marissa
Troy
Mascoutah
Scott AFB
Shiloh
Swansea
Lebanon
Oakdale
Red Bud
Collinsville
Freeburg
Hamel
Tilden
New Athens
Fairview Heights
Williamson
Lenzburg
Marine
Smithton
St. Libory
Alhambra
Waterloo
Millstadt
Evansville
Ruma
St. Jacob
Mount Olive
New Baden
Ellis Grove
Staunton
Figure 2-3
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Soils
DRAFT 0 5 10 20 Miles
Legend
County Boundary
Interstates
State and US Highways
Streams and Rivers
Minor Streams
Lakes and Reservoirs
303(d) Listed Lakes
303(d) Listed Streams
Hydrologic Soil Group
A
B
B/D
C
C/D
D
Dumps, Pits, Urban Land, Other
Water
Ü
Section 2
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Description
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#*
#*
#*
#*
Richland Creek
OC-95
Kinney Branch
OCF
Richland Creek
OC-04
KaskaskiaRiver
O-20
Horse Creek
OB-03
§¨¦64
Kaskaskia
River
O-97 ¬«154
¬«3
Coulterville
ROV
Little Mud Creek
OE-02
Plum Creek SpartaNW
SOC
SLM Side
ChannelReservoir
SOL
Silver Creek
Silver Creek
Madison
Madison
St. Clair
St. Clair St. Clair
Monroe
Randolph St. Clair
Prarie DuLong
Grantfork
Summerfield
¬«4
¬«15
¬«153
¬«160
¬«159
tu50
¬«1
¬«13
5594100
Kaskaskia River
Near Venedy Station, IL
Kaskaskia
River
O-30
Kaskaskia River
O-03
St. Clair
Madison
Randolph
Monroe
Washington Clinton
Bond
Perry
Macoupin
Montgomery
Clinton
Sparta
Belleville
O'Fallon
Marissa
Troy
Mascoutah
Scott AFB
Shiloh
Swansea
Lebanon
Oakdale
Red Bud
Collinsville
Freeburg
Hamel
Tilden
New Athens
Fairview Heights
Williamson
Lenzburg
Marine
Smithton
St. Libory
Alhambra
Waterloo
Millstadt
Evansville
Ruma
St. Jacob
Mount Olive
New Baden
Ellis Grove
Staunton
5594450
Silver Creek
Near Troy, IL
5595200
Richland Creek
Near Hecker, IL 5594800
Silver Creek
Near Freeburg, IL
Figure 2-4
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
USGS Gages
 
DRAFT 0 5 10 20 Miles
Legend
#* USGS Flow Gage
Municipalities
County Boundary
Interstates
State and US Highways
Watershed
Streams and Rivers
Minor Streams
Lakes and Reservoirs
303(d) Listed Lakes
303(d) Listed Streams
Section 2
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Description
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3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
cfs)
Richland Creek, Gage 05595200
Kaskaskia River, Gage 05594100
 
T:\IEPA-2008\Stage1Data\USGS Gage Stations\Kaskaskia_Gage_Data.xls
Figure 2-5:
Total Monthly Streamflow
in Richland Creek and Kaskaskia River
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
January February March April May June July August September October November December
Flow (c
Month
Section 2
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Description
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Section 3
Public Participation and Involvement
3.1 Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Public Participation
and Involvement
Public knowledge, acceptance, and follow through are necessary to implement a plan
to meet recommended TMDLs. It is important to involve the public as early in the
process as possible to achieve maximum cooperation and counter concerns as to the
purpose of the process and the regulatory authority to implement any
recommendations.
Illinois EPA, along with CDM, will hold two public meetings within the watershed
throughout the course of the TMDL development. This section will be updated as
public meetings occur.
Section 3
Public Participation and Involvement
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Section 4
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Water
Quality Standards
4.1 Illinois Water Quality Standards
Water quality standards are developed and enforced by the state to protect the
"designated uses" of the state's waterways. In the state of Illinois, setting the water
quality standards is the responsibility of the Illinois Pollution Control Board (IPCB).
Illinois is required to update water quality standards every three years in accordance
with the CWA. The standards requiring modifications are identified and prioritized by
Illinois EPA, in conjunction with USEPA. New standards are then developed or
revised during the three-year period.
Illinois EPA is also responsible for developing scientifically based water quality
criteria and proposing them to the IPCB for adoption into state rules and regulations.
The Illinois water quality standards are established in the Illinois Administrative Rules
Title 35, Environmental Protection; Subtitle C, Water Pollution; Chapter I, Pollution
Control Board; Part 302, Water Quality Standards.
4.2 Designated Uses
The waters of Illinois are classified by designated uses, which include: General Use,
Public and Food Processing Water Supplies, Lake Michigan, and Secondary Contact
and Indigenous Aquatic Life Use (Illinois EPA 2008). The designated uses applicable
to the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed are the General Use and Public and Food
Processing Water Supplies Use.
4.2.1 General Use
The General Use classification is defined by IPCB as standards that "will protect the
state's water for aquatic life, wildlife, agricultural use, secondary contact use and most
industrial uses and ensure the aesthetic quality of the state's aquatic environment."
Primary contact uses are protected for all General Use waters whose physical
configuration permits such use.
4.2.2 Public and Food Processing Water Supplies
The Public and Food Processing Water Supplies Use is defined by IPCB as standards
that are "cumulative with the general use standards of Subpart B and must be met in all
waters designated in Part 303 at any point at which water is withdrawn for treatment
and distribution as a potable supply or for food processing."
Section 4
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Water Quality Standards
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4.3 Illinois Water Quality Standards
To make 303(d) listing determinations for aquatic life uses, Illinois EPA first collects
biological data and if this data suggests that an impairment to aquatic life exists, a
comparison of available water quality data with water quality standards will then
occur. For public and food processing water supply waters, Illinois EPA compares
available data with water quality standards to make impairment determinations.
Tables 4-1 and 4-2 present the numeric water quality standards of the potential causes
of impairment for both lakes and streams in the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed.
Only constituents with numeric water quality standards will have TMDLs developed at
this time.
Table 4-1 Summary of Numeric Water Quality Standards for Potential Causes of Lake
Impairments in Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Parameter Units
General Use
Water Quality
Standard
Regulatory
Reference
Public and Food
Processing Water
Supplies
Regulatory
Reference
Manganese (total) μg/L 1000 302.208(g) 150
302.304
Total Phosphorus mg/L 0.05(1) 302.205 No numeric
standard
NA
Atrazine μg/L Acute
standard(2) = 82
NA(4) 3(5)
611.310(c)
Chronic
standard(3) = 9
μg/L = micrograms per liter
mg/L = milligrams per liter
NA = Not Applicable
(1) Standard applies in particular to inland lakes and reservoirs (greater than 20 acres) and in any
stream at the point where it enters any such lake or reservoir.
(2) Not to be exceeded except as provided in 35 Ill. Adm. Code 302.208(d).
(3) Not to be exceeded by the average of at least three samples collected over peak atrazine
application periods (Spring, Summer, and Fall).
(4) Aquatic life standard for atrazine found in the Illinois Derived Standards.
(5) The treated water MCL for atrazine is 3 μg/L. For untreated water samples, during the most
recent three sampling years i.) any observation is not to exceed four times the treated water MCL
(12 μg/L); or ii.) any quarterly average concentration is not to exceed the treated water MCL (3
μg/L); or iii.) any running annual average is not to exceed the treated water MCL (3 μg/L).
Section 4
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Water Quality Standards
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Table 4-2 Summary of Numeric Water Quality Standards for Potential Causes of Stream
Impairments in Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Parameter Units
General Use
Water Quality
Standard
Regulatory
Reference
Public and
Food
Processing
Water Supplies
Regulatory
Reference
Atrazine μg/L Acute standard(3)
= 82
Chronic
standard(4) = 9
NA(5) 3(6)
611.310(c)
Manganese (total) μg/L 1000 302.208(g) 150
302.304
Dissolved Oxygen mg/L March through
July
 5.0 minimum &
 6.0 7-day daily
mean averaged
over 7 days;
August through
February
 3.5 minimum,
 4.0 7-day
minimum
averaged over 7
days &  5.5 30-
day daily mean
302.206(b) No numeric
standard
NA
Total Fecal
Coliform
Count/
100 mL
May through
October
200(1), 400(2)
302.209 2000(1) 302.306
pH s.u. 6-9 302.204 No numeric
standard
NA
μg/L = micrograms per liter
mg/L = milligrams per liter
NA = Not Applicable
(1) Geometric mean based on a minimum of five samples taken over not more than a 30-day period.
(2) Standard shall not be exceeded by more than 10 percent of the samples collected during any 30-
day period.
(3) Not to be exceeded except as provided in 35 Ill. Adm. Code 302.208(d).
(4) Not to be exceeded by the average of at least three samples collected over peak atrazine
application periods (Spring, Summer, and Fall).
(5) Aquatic life standard for atrazine found in the Illinois Derived Standards.
(6) The treated water MCL for atrazine is 3 μg/L. For untreated water samples, during the most
recent three sampling years i.) any observation is not to exceed four times the treated water
MCL (12 μg/L); or ii.) any quarterly average concentration is not to exceed the treated water MCL
(3 μg/L); or iii.) any running annual average is not to exceed the treated water MCL (3 μg/L).
4.4 Potential Pollutant Sources
In order to properly address the conditions within the Lower Kaskaskia River
watershed, potential pollutant sources must be investigated for the pollutants where
TMDLs will be developed. The following is a summary of the potential sources
associated with the listed potential causes for the 303(d) listed segments in this
watershed.
Section 4
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Water Quality Standards
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Table 4-3 Summary of Potential Pollutant Sources in the Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Segment ID Segment Name
Potential Causes of
Impairment
Potential Sources (as identified by
the 2008 303(d) list)
O03 Kaskaskia River Impairment Unknown,
Atrazine, Manganese
Unknown
O20 Kaskaskia River Fecal Coliform,
Manganese
Unknown
O97 Kaskaskia River Impairment Unknown,
Manganese
Unknown
O30 Kaskaskia River Dissolved Oxygen, pH,
Phosphorus (Total),
Sedimentation/Siltation,
Total Suspended Solids,
Fecal Coliform,
Atrazine, Manganese
Unknown, Crop Production
SOL Salem Side
Channel
Reservoir
Atrazine, Manganese Unknown, Crop Production
OE02 Mud Creek Manganese, Dissolved
Oxygen, Phosphorus
(Total),
Sedimentation/Siltation
Unknown, Animal Feeding Operations,
Crop Production
ROV Coulterville
Reservoir
Phosphorus (Total),
Atrazine, Manganese
Crop Production, Unknown
OB03 Horse Creek Dissolved Oxygen,
Sedimentation/Siltation
Animal Feeding Operations, Crop
Production
OCF Kinney Branch Manganese, Nitrogen
(Total), Dissolved
Oxygen, Phosphorus
(Total)
Municipal Point Source Discharges,
Crop Production, Urban Runoff/Storm
Sewers
OC95 Richland Creek-
South
Nitrogen (Total),
Dissolved Oxygen,
Phosphorus (Total)
Municipal Point Source Discharges,
Urban Runoff/Storm Sewers
SOC Sparta NW
Reservoir
Phosphorus (Total),
Atrazine, Manganese
Unknown, Crop Production
OC04 Richland Creek-
South
Nitrogen (Total),
Dissolved Oxygen,
Phosphorus (Total),
Sedimentation/Silitation,
Total Dissolved Solids
Municipal Point Source Discharges,
Crop Production, Combined Sewer
Overflows, Urban Runoff/Storm Sewers,
Surface Mining
*Bold Potential Causes of Impairment have numeric water quality standard and TMDLs will be developed.
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Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Characterization
Data were collected and reviewed from many sources in order to further characterize
the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed. Data have been collected in regards to water
quality, reservoirs, and both point and nonpoint sources. This information is presented
and discussed in further detail in the remainder of this section.
5.1 Water Quality Data
There are 23 historic water quality stations within the Lower Kaskaskia River
watershed that were used for this report. Figure 5-1 shows the water quality data
stations within the watershed that contain data relevant to the impaired segments.
The impaired water body segments in the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed were
presented in Section 1. Refer to Table 1-1 for impairment information specific to each
segment. The following sections address both stream and lake impairments. Data are
summarized by impairment and discussed in relation to the relevant Illinois numeric
water quality standard. Data analysis is focused on all available data collected since
1990. The information presented in this section is a combination of USEPA Storage
and Retrieval (STORET) database and Illinois EPA database data. STORET data are
available for stations sampled prior to January 1, 1999 while Illinois EPA data
(electronic and hard copy) are available for stations sampled after that date. The
following sections will first discuss Lower Kaskaskia River watershed stream data
followed by Lower Kaskaskia River watershed lake data.
5.1.1 Stream Water Quality Data
The Lower Kaskaskia River watershed has nine impaired stream segments within its
drainage area that are addressed in this report. There is one active water quality station
on each of the impaired segments and four monitoring stations associated with Facility
Related Stream Surveys on the impaired Richland Creek and Kinney Branch segments
(see Figure 5-1). The data summarized in this section include water quality data for
impaired constituents as well as parameters that could be useful in future modeling and
analysis efforts. All historic water quality data are available in Appendix C.
5.1.1.1 Fecal Coliform
Kaskaskia River segments O-20 and O-30 are listed as impaired by total fecal
coliform. Table 5-1 summarizes available historic fecal coliform data on those
segments. The general use water quality standard for fecal coliform states that the
standard of 200 colony forming units (cfu) per 100 mL not be exceeded by the
geometric mean of at least five samples, nor can 10 percent of the samples collected
exceed 400 cfu per 100 mL in protected waters, except as provided in 35 Ill. Adm.
Code 302.209(b). Samples must be collected over a 30-day period or less during the
months of May through October). There are no instances since 1990 where at least five
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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samples have been collected during a 30-day period. The summary of data presented in
Table 5-1 reflects single samples compared to the standards during the appropriate
months. Figure 5-2 shows the total fecal coliform samples collected over time at
Segments O-20 and O-30.
Table 5-1 Existing Fecal Coliform Data for Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Impaired Stream Segments
Sample Location and
Parameter
Period of Record
and Number of
Data Points
Geometric
mean of all
samples Maximum Minimum
Number
of
samples
> 200 (1)
Number
of
samples
> 400 (1)
Kaskaskia River Segment O-20; Sample Location O-20
Total Fecal Coliform
(cfu/100 mL) 1990-2005; 60 218.46 20,000 10 27 18
Kaskaskia River Segment O-30; Sample Location O-30
Total Fecal Coliform
(cfu/100 mL) 1990-2005; 60 29.75 4,600 ND 6 4
(1) Samples collected during the months of May through October
5.1.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen
Kaskaskia River segments O-30, Horse Creek segment OB-03, Richland Creek
segments OC-04 and OC-95, Kinney Branch segment OCF, and Mud Creek segment
OE-02 are impaired by low dissolved oxygen (DO). Data from a 1996 Facility Related
Stream Survey (FRSS) for Freeburg, Illinois is the only data available for segment
OCF. Likewise, data from the 1996 FRSS for Swansea and Belleville, Illinois are the
only data available for segment OC-95. All available dissolved oxygen data for the
impaired segments are summarized in Table 5-2. A sample was considered a violation
if it was below 5.0 mg/L between March and July or below 3.5 mg/L between August
and February.
Table 5-2 Existing Manganese Data for the Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Impaired Stream Segments
Sample Location
and Parameter
Illinois WQ
Standard (μg/L)
Period of Record
and Number of
Data Points Mean Maximum Minimum
Number of
Violations
Kaskaskia River Segment O-30; Sample Location O-30
Dissolved Oxygen 4.0-5.0(1) 1990-2005; 143 8.11 17.3 1.1 16
Horse Creek Segment OB-03; Sample Location OB-03
Dissolved Oxygen 4.0-5.0(1) 1996-2002; 5 5.68 9.3 3.8 2
Richland Creek Segment OC-04; Sample Location OC-04
Dissolved Oxygen 4.0-5.0(1) 1990-2008; 159* 8.46 17 2.3 3
Richland Creek Segment OC-95; Sample Locations OC-SW-A1, OC-SW-C1, OC-SW-C2, OC-SW-C3A, OC-SW-C5,
OC-BV-A2
Dissolved Oxygen 4.0-5.0(1) 1996; 6 4.80 6.2 1.9 1
Kinney Branch Segment OCF; Sample Locations OCF-FB-A1, OCF-FB-C1, OCF-FB-C2, OCF-FB-C3
Dissolved Oxygen 4.0-5.0(1) 1996; 4 4.68 6 2.8 1
Mud Creek Segment OE-02; Sample Locations OE-04, OE-05
Dissolved Oxygen 4.0-5.0(1) 1996; 2 3.80 5.7 1.9 1
(1) Instantaneous Minimum (3.5 mg/L from August to February and 5.0 mg/L from March to July)
*Does not include continuous DO monitoring performed in 2008
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Figure 5-3 shows the instantaneous DO values for segments O-30, OB-03, OC-04, and
OE-05 over time. Figure 5-4 shows the instantaneous DO values for each station on
segments OC-95 and OCF as collected during the respective Facility Related Stream
Surveys.
Table 5-3 contains information on data availability for other parameters that may be
useful in data needs analysis and future modeling efforts for dissolved oxygen. Where
available, all nutrient, biological oxygen demand, and total organic carbon data has
been collected for possible use in future analysis.
Table 5-3 Data Availability for DO Data Needs Analysis and Future
Modeling Efforts
Sample Location and Parameter
Available Period
of Record
Number of
Samples
Kaskaskia River Segment O-30; Sample Location O-30
Dissolved Phosphorus 1990-2005 125
Temperature, Water 1990-2002 116
Total Phosphorus 1990-2005 125
Total Phosphorus in bottom deposits 2002-2002 1
Ammonia, Total 1990-2002 114
Ammonia, unionized 1990-1998 162
Carbon, Total Organic (TOC) 1990-1998 80
COD 1990-1993 35
Nitrogen, Nitrate + Nitrite 1990-2005 129
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) 1990-2005 114
Horse Creek Segment OB-03; Sample Location OB-03
Dissolved Phosphorus 1996-2002 5
Temperature, Water 1996-2002 4
Total Phosphorus 1996-2002 5
Total Phosphorus in bottom deposits 2002-2002 1
Ammonia, Total 1996-2002 5
Ammonia, unionized 1996-1996 4
Carbon, Total Organic (TOC) 1996-1996 2
Nitrogen, Nitrate + Nitrite 1996-2002 5
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) 1996-1996 2
Richland Creek Segment OC-04; Sample Location OC-04
Dissolved Phosphorus 1990-2005 120
Temperature, Water 1990-2008 143
Total Phosphorus 1990-2005 121
Total Phosphorus in bottom deposits 2002-2002 1
Ammonia, Total 1990-2002 110
Ammonia, unionized 1990-1998 158
Carbon, Total Organic (TOC) 1996-1996 2
COD 1990-1993 34
Nitrogen, Nitrate + Nitrite 1990-2005 128
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) 1996-2005 8
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Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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Table 5-3 Data Availability for DO Data Needs Analysis and Future
Modeling Efforts (cont.)
Sample Location and Parameter
Available Period of
Record
Number of
Samples
Richland Creek Segment OC-95; Sample Locations OC-SW-A1, OC-SW-C1,
OC-SW-C2, OC-SW-C3A, OC-SW-C5, OC-BV-A2
Temperature, Water 1996-1996 6
Total Phosphorus 1996-1996 6
Ammonia, Total 1996-1996 6
Ammonia, unionized 1996-1996 6
Carbon, Total Organic (TOC) 1996-1996 6
Nitrogen, Nitrate + Nitrite 1996-1996 6
Kinney Branch Segment OCF; Sample Locations OCF-FB-A1, OCF-FB-C1,
OCF-FB-C2, OCF-FB-C3
BOD Total 1996-1996 4
Temperature, Water 1996-1996 4
Total Phosphorus 1996-1996 4
Ammonia, Total 1996-1996 4
Ammonia, unionized 1996-1996 4
BOD Carbonaceous 1996-1996 4
Carbon, Total Organic (TOC) 1996-1996 4
Nitrogen, Nitrate + Nitrite 1996-1996 4
Mud Creek Segment OE-02; Sample Locations OE-04, OE-05
Dissolved Phosphorus 1996-1996 2
Temperature, Water 1996-1996 2
Total Phosphorus 1996-1996 2
Ammonia, Total 1996-1996 2
Ammonia, unionized 1996-1996 4
Carbon, Total Organic (TOC) 1996-1996 2
Nitrogen, Nitrate + Nitrite 1996-1996 2
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (TKN) 1996-1996 2
5.1.1.3 pH
Kaskaskia River segment O-30 is listed for impairment caused by pH. A sample is
considered a violation if it falls below 6.5 or above 9.0 standard units at any time. A
total of 141 samples have been collected since 1990 from the impaired segment. As
shown in Table 5-4, three of the samples collected at O-30 during this time period
were in violation of the standard. Figure 5-5 shows the pH samples collected over time
at segment O-30.
Table 5-4 Existing pH Data for Lower Kaskaskia River watershed Impaired Stream Segments
Sample Location and
Parameter
Illinois WQ
Standard
Period of
Record and
Number of
Data Points Mean Maximum Minimum
Number
of
Violations
Kaskaskia River Segment O-30; Sample Location O-30
pH 6.5-9.0 1990-2005;141 7.48 8.6 6.1 3
5.1.1.4 Manganese
Kaskaskia River segments O-03, O-20, O-30, O-97, Kinney Branch segment OCF, and
Mud Creek segment OE-02 are impaired by manganese. The applicable water quality
standard is a maximum total manganese concentration of 1000 μg/L for general use
and indigenous aquatic life and 150 μg/L for public water supply. All segments except
OC-95 and OCF are sources of public water and are subject to the more stringent
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150 μg/L limit. Table 5-4 summarizes the available historic manganese data since
1990 for the impaired stream segments. This includes dissolved manganese samples
where available. The table also shows the number of violations for each segment. The
first number in the column represents violations of the general use standard while the
second number represents violations of the public water supply standard. Total
manganese samples collected over time for the impaired segments O-03, O-97, O-20
and O-30 are shown in Figure 5-6. Total Manganese samples collected over time on
the remaining stream segments OCF and OE-02 are shown in Figure 5-7.
Table 5-5 Existing Manganese Data for the Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Impaired Stream Segments
Sample Location
and Parameter
Illinois WQ Standard
(ug/L)
Period of Record
and Number of
Data Points
Mean Maximum Minimum Number
of
Violations
Kaskaskia River Segment O-O3; Sample Location O-03
Total Manganese Public Water Supply: 150 2002; 3 220 230 210 3
Dissolved
Manganese
NA 2002; 3 22.7 28 20 NA
Kaskaskia River Segment O-20; Sample Location O-20
Total Manganese Public Water Supply: 150 1990-2005; 144 278.2 1200 28 110
Dissolved
Manganese
NA 1990-2005; 142 100.1 720 3.3 NA
Kaskaskia River Segment O-30; Sample Location O-30
Total Manganese Public Water Supply: 150 1990-2005; 143 219.9 890 68 90
Dissolved
Manganese
NA 1990-2005; 142 88.4 550 3.2 NA
Kaskaskia River Segment O-97; Sample Location O-04
Total Manganese Public Water Supply: 150 2002; 3 200 210 190 3
Dissolved
Manganese
NA 2002; 3 22 36 15 NA
Kinney Branch Segment OCF; Sample Locations OCF-FB-A1, OCF-FB-C1, OCF-FB-C2, OCF-FB-C3
Total Manganese General Use: 1000 1996; 4 371.5 1100 46 1
Mud Creek Segment OE-02; Sample Locations OE-04, OE-05
Total Manganese General Use: 1000 1996-2002; 6 1670 3600 480 3
Dissolved
Manganese
NA 1996-2002; 5 1822 3600 420 NA
5.1.1.5 Atrazine
Kaskaskia River segments O-03 and O-30 are listed for impairment caused by atrazine.
There is one active station on each impaired stream segment. A raw water intake is
located on the Kaskaskia River segment O-03 and is used by the Kaskaskia Water
District at New Athens. The town of Evansville has a raw water intake on Kaskaskia
River Segment O-30. Data from these two raw water intakes and the associated
finished water was used for this report and an inventory of available data is presented
in Table 5-6.
Atrazine is an herbicide applied to food crops to control broadleaf and grassy weeds. It
is widely used throughout the United States. When properly applied it breaks down
into the soil, but it has been found in groundwater wells and surface water near areas of
excessive application. Extensive water supply monitoring and studies on the human
health effects of atrazine in drinking water have been performed, and efforts are on-going.
Atrazine has been suspected to be carcinogenic to humans and a potential
endocrine disruptor. USEPA has determined that atrazine is not likely to cause cancer
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
5-6 FINAL
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in humans and that it does not adversely affect amphibian gonadal development as
suspected. However, the Agency will reconsider whether to reverse its determination
on cancer after several epidemiological cancer studies for atrazine are received and
reviewed (USEPA, 2008).
Table 5-6 summarizes recent atrazine data in treated and untreated water from each of
the impaired stream segments in the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed. The water
quality standard to protect public water supply use states that the maximum
contaminant level (MCL) for each parameter in treated water must not be exceeded in
any samples taken during the most recent three sampling years. The treated water
MCL for atrazine is 3 μg/L. Furthermore, for untreated water samples, during the most
recent three sampling years i) any observation is not to exceed four times the treated
water MCL (12 μg/L); or ii) any quarterly average concentration is not to exceed the
treated water MCL (3 μg/L); or iii) any running annual average is not to exceed the
treated water MCL (3 μg/L).
Table 5-6 Recent Atrazine Data from Impaired Kaskaskia River Segment O-03 and O-30
Stream
Segment and
Sample Type
Period of
Record/
Number of
Data Points Average Maximum Minimum
Number
of
samples
> 3 μg/L
Number of
samples
>12 μg/L
(4x MCL)
Kaskaskia River Segment O-03
Raw Water
Intake 2003-2005; 95 2.90 57.98 0.05 15 6
Treated Water 2003-2005; 95 1.01 14.73 0.05 5 NA
Kaskaskia River Segment O-30
Raw Water
Intake 2004-2005; 68 2.93 31.25 0.05 12 5
Treated Water 2004-2005; 68 3.10 39.69 0.05 12 NA
As shown in Table 5-6, 5 of the 95 (5 percent) treated water samples in Kaskaskia
River Segment O-03 exceeded the MCL of 3 μg/L, and 6 of the 95 raw water samples
exceeded 12 μg/L. In Kaskaskia River Segment O-30, 12 of 68 (18 percent) of the
treated water samples exceeded the MCL of 3 μg/L and 5 of the raw water samples
exceeded 12 μg/L. Table 5-7 shows that 2005 was the only year where the rolling
annual average atrazine concentrations in the stream segment O-03 exceeded 3 μg/L.
The quarterly average exceeded 3 μg/L in the second quarter of 2003, 2004, and 2005.
Similarly, Table 5-8 shows that 2005 was the only year where the rolling annual
average atrazine concentrations in the stream segment O-30 exceeded 3 μg/L. The
quarterly average exceeded 3 μg/L in the second quarter of 2004 and 2005. Atrazine
concentrations in raw and treated water for segments O-03 and O-30 are shown in
Figures 5-8 and 5-9, respectively.
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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Table 5-7 Annual and Quarterly Average Atrazine Concentrations in Kaskaskia River Segments
O-03, Untreated Water
Year/QTR Quarterly Average
Average
>3 μg/L
Rolling Annual
Average Average >3 μg/L
2003
1 NA NA NA NA
2 3.32 Yes NA NA
3 1.91 No NA NA
4 1.03 No NA NA
2004
1 0.51 No 2.05 No
2 4.65 Yes 2.57 No
3 0.88 No 2.32 No
4 0.54 No 2.24 No
2005
1 0.28 No 2.14 No
2 9.68 Yes 4.06 Yes
3 1.01 No 4.00 Yes
4 0.11 No 3.93 Yes
Table 5-8 Annual and Quarterly Average Atrazine Concentrations in Kaskaskia River
Segments O-30, Untreated Water
Year/QTR Quarterly Average
Average
>3 μg/L
Rolling Annual
Average Average >3 μg/L
2004
1 0.42 No NA NA
2 6.03 Yes NA NA
3 1.36 No NA NA
4 0.58 No 2.89 No
2005
1 0.27 No 2.78 No
2 6.86 Yes 3.10 Yes
3 1.36 No 3.05 Yes
4 0.07 No 2.96 No
5.1.2 Lake Water Quality Data
The Lower Kaskaskia River watershed has three impaired reservoirs within its
drainage area that are addressed in this report. The data summarized in this section
include water quality data for the impaired constituents as well as parameters that
could be useful in future modeling and analysis efforts. All historic water quality data
are available in Appendix C.
5.1.2.1 Coulterville Reservoir
Coulterville Reservoir is listed as impaired for total phosphorous, manganese, and
atrazine. There are three active stations in Coulterville Reservoir (see Figure 5-10). An
inventory of all available data associated with impairments at all depths is presented in
Table 5-9.
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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Table 5-9 Coulterville Reservoir Data Inventory for Impairments
Coulterville Reservoir Segment ROV; Sample Locations ROV-1, ROV-2, and ROV-3
ROV-1 Period of Record Number of Samples
Atrazine 1999-1999 6
Dissolved Phosphorus 1992-2004 23
Manganese in Bottom Deposits 1992-1999 2
Manganese, Total 1999-1999 4
Total Phosphorus 1990-2004 35
ROV-2
Dissolved Phosphorus 1999-2004 70
Total Phosphorus 1999-2004 9
ROV-3
Atrazine 1999-1999 1
Dissolved Phosphorus 1999-2004 9
Manganese in Bottom Deposits 1999-1999 1
Total Phosphorus 1990-2004 18
Raw Water Intake
Atrazine 2003-2005 103
Finished Water from PWS
Atrazine 2003-2005 98
Table 5-10 contains information on data availability for other parameters that may be
useful in data needs analysis and future modeling efforts for phosphorus and nitrogen
as nitrate. The inventory presented in Table 5-10 represents data collected at varying
depths.
Table 5-10 Coulterville Reservoir Data Availability for Data Needs Analysis and Future Modeling
Efforts
Coulterville Reservoir Segment ROV; Sample Locations ROV-1, ROV-2, and ROV-3
ROV-1 Period of Record Number of Samples
Chlorophyll a, corrected 2004-2004 2
Chlorophyll a, uncorrected 1992-2004 13
Depth, bottom 1990-2004 60
Dissolved Oxygen 1992-1999 71
Temperature, Water 1992-1999 71
ROV-2
Chlorophyll a, corrected 2004-2004 2
Chlorophyll a, uncorrected 1999-2004 12
Depth, bottom 1990-2004 34
Dissolved Oxygen 1999-1999 34
Chlorophyll a, corrected 2004-2004 2
ROV-3
Chlorophyll a, corrected 2004-2004 2
Chlorophyll a, uncorrected 1999-2004 11
Depth, bottom 1990-2004 34
Dissolved Oxygen 1999-1999 13
Temperature, Water 1999-1999 13
5.1.2.1.1 Total Phosphorus
The water quality standard for total phosphorus is a concentration less than or equal to
0.05 mg/L. Compliance with the total phosphorus standard is assessed using samples
collected at a one-foot depth from the lake surface. The average total phosphorus
concentrations at a one-foot depth for each year of available data at each monitoring
site in Coulterville Reservoir are presented in Table 5-11.
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Table 5-11 Average Total Phosphorus Concentrations (mg/L) in Coulterville Reservoir at One-Foot depth
Year
ROV-1 ROV-2 ROV-3 Lake Average
Data Count;
Number of
Violations Average
Data Count;
Number of
Violations Average
Data Count;
Number of
Violations Average
Data Count;
Number of
Violations Average
1990 6; 5 0.235 0; 0 NA 6; 6 0.753 12; 11 0.494
1992 2; 2 0.182 0; 0 NA 1; 1 0.312 3; 3 0.225
1993 2; 2 0.169 0; 0 NA 2; 2 0.194 4; 4 0.182
1999 5; 4 0.172 5; 5 0.178 5; 4 0.181 15; 13 0.177
2004 4; 4 0.175 4; 4 0.173 4; 4 0.180 12; 12 0.176
As shown in the table, the majority of samples from 1990-2004 exceeded the total
phosphorous water quality standard of 0.05 mg/L. Figure 5-11 shows the average
annual total phosphorous concentrations in Coulterville Reservoir.
5.1.2.1.2 Manganese
Coulterville Reservoir is a public drinking water supply and is listed as impaired for
impaired for manganese. The applicable water quality is a maximum total manganese
concentration of 150 μg/L. All samples were collected in 1999 and each of them are in
violation of the public water supply standard. Table 5-12 contains the available historic
manganese data since 1990 for Coulterville Reservoir.
Table 5-12 Historical Total Manganese Concentrations (μg/L) in Coulterville Reservoir
Date Concentration (μg/L)
4/30/1999 400
6/8/1999 630
8/23/1999 510
10/13/1999 470
Annual Mean Concentration 503
5.1.2.1.3 Atrazine
Coulterville Reservoir is also 303(d) listed for impairment caused by atrazine. A raw
water intake is located on the reservoir and is used by the town of Coulterville for
public water supply. Data from this raw water intake and the associated finished water
was used for this report and an inventory of available data is presented in Table 5-13.
As shown in Table 5-13, 9 of the 98 (5 percent) treated water samples from
Coulterville Reservoir exceeded the MCL of 3 μg/L, and 6 of the 103 raw water
samples exceeded 12 μg/L. Additionally, 2 of 7 surface water samples collected at
Stations ROV-1 and ROV-3 in 1999 exceeded 12 μg/L. Table 5-14 shows that the
rolling annual average atrazine concentrations collected at the raw water intake in
Coulterville Reservoir exceeded 3 μg/L in late 2003 and early 2004. The quarterly
average exceeded 3 μg/L in the second and third quarters of 2003. The 1999 surface
water sampling results for atrazine in Coulterville Reservoir are shown in Figure 5-12.
Atrazine concentrations in raw and treated water collected from Coulterville Reservoir
in 2003-2005 are shown in Figure 5-13.
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Table 5-13 Atrazine Concentrations in Raw and Treated Water from Coulterville Reservoir
Stream
Segment and
Sample Type
Period of
Record/ Number
of Data Points Average Maximum Minimum
Number of
samples
>3 μg/L
Number of
samples
>12 μg/L
(4x MCL)
Coulterville Reservoir
Surface Water* 1999; 7 14.88 50 0.3 2 2
Raw Water
Intake
2003-2005; 103 2.07 19.39 0.05 9 6
Treated Water 2003-2005; 98 1.08 7.72 0.05 9 0
*Additional surface water data collected at stations ROV-1 and ROV-3
Table 5-14 Annual and Quarterly Average Atrazine Concentrations in
Coulterville Reservoir, Untreated Water Collected at the Raw Water Intake
Year/QTR
Quarterly
Average
Average
>3 μg/L
Rolling
Annual
Average
Average
>3 μg/L
2003
1 0.18 NA NA NA
2 4.17 Yes NA NA
3 10.67 Yes NA NA
4 0.85 No 4.84 Yes
2004
1 0.56 No 4.48 Yes
2 1.65 No 3.39 Yes
3 1.94 No 1.42 No
4 1.28 No 1.49 No
2005
1 0.40 No 1.43 No
2 0.43 No 0.99 No
3 0.30 No 0.55 No
4 0.05 No 0.32 No
5.1.2.2 Sparta NW Reservoir
Sparta NW Reservoir is listed as impaired for total phosphorous, manganese, and
atrazine. There are three active stations in Sparta NW Reservoir (see Figure 5-14). An
inventory of all available data associated with impairments at all depths is presented in
Table 5-15.
Table 5-15 Sparta NW Reservoir Data Inventory for Impairments
Sparta NW Reservoir Segment SOC; Sample Locations SOC-1, SOC-2, and SOC-3
SOC-1 Period of Record Number of Samples
Dissolved Phosphorus 2003 7
Manganese in Bottom Deposits 2003 1
Total Phosphorus 2003 10
SOC-2
Atrazine 2003 10
Dissolved Phosphorus 2003 6
Manganese, Total 2003 5
Total Phosphorus 2003 7
SOC-3
Dissolved Phosphorus 2003 2
Manganese in Bottom Deposits 2003 1
Total Phosphorus 2003 5
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Table 5-16 contains information on data availability for other parameters that may be
useful in data needs analysis and future modeling efforts for phosphorus and nitrogen
as nitrate. The inventory presented in Table 5-16 represents data collected at varying
depths.
Table 5-16 Sparta NW Reservoir Data Availability for Data Needs Analysis and Future Modeling
Efforts
Sparta NW Reservoir Segment SOC; Sample Locations SOC-1, SOC-2, and SOC-3
SOC-1 Period of Record Number of Samples
Chlorophyll a, corrected 2003 5
Chlorophyll a, uncorrected 2003 5
Depth, bottom 2003 11
SOC-2
Chlorophyll a, corrected 2003 5
Chlorophyll a, uncorrected 2003 5
Depth, bottom 2003 19
Hardness, Total 2003 5
SOC-3
Chlorophyll a, corrected 2003 5
Chlorophyll a, uncorrected 2003 5
Depth, bottom 2003 5
5.1.2.2.1 Total Phosphorus
The water quality standard for total phosphorus is a concentration less than or equal to
0.05 mg/L. Compliance with the total phosphorus standard is assessed using samples
collected at a one-foot depth from the lake surface. The average total phosphorus
concentrations at a one-foot depth for the single year of available data at each
monitoring site in Sparta NW Reservoir are presented in Table 5-17.
Table 5-17 Average Total Phosphorus Concentrations (mg/L) in Sparta NW Reservoir at one-foot depth
Year
SOC-1 SOC-2 SOC-3 Lake Average
Data Count;
Number of
Violations Average
Data Count;
Number of
Violations Average
Data Count;
Number of
Violations Average
Data Count;
Number of
Violations Average
2003 6; 4 0.501 6; 4 0.075 3; 1 0.054 15; 9 0.241
As shown in the table, the majority of samples from 2003 exceeded the total
phosphorous water quality standard of 0.05 mg/L. Figure 5-15 shows the total
phosphorous concentrations in Sparta NW Reservoir.
5.1.2.2.2 Manganese
Sparta NW Reservoir is a public drinking water supply and is listed as impaired by
manganese. The applicable water quality standard is a maximum total manganese
concentration of 150 μg/L. All samples were collected in 2003 and 3 of the five
samples are in violation of the public water supply standard. Table 5-18 contains the
available historic manganese data for Sparta NW Reservoir.
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Table 5-18 Historical Total Manganese Concentrations (μg/L) in Sparta NW Reservoir
Date Concentration (μg/L)
5/6/2003 110
6/30/2003 48
7/22/2003 290
8/21/2003 400
10/16/2003 210
Annual Mean Concentration 212
5.1.2.2.3 Atrazine
Sparta NW Reservoir is listed for impairment caused by atrazine. Several surface water
samples were collected from station SOC-2 during 2003 and analyzed for atrazine
concentration. There is currently no available data from raw water intakes or finished
water from Sparta NW Reservoir for analysis. As shown in Table 5-19, no surface
water samples exceeded the instantaneous limit of four times the finished water MCL
(12 μg/L). However, the quarterly and annual average atrazine concentrations for all
samples collected at Sparta NW Reservoir in 2003 were in violation of the 3 μg/L
standard. The total atrazine concentrations for samples collected at Sparta NW
Reservoir are shown in Figure 5-16.
Table 5-19 Available Atrazine Data in Sparta NW Reservoir
Date Concentration (μg/L)
Average
Greater than 3
μg/L
Sample >12 μg/L
(4x MCL)
6/30/2003 6.80 - No
6/30/2003 6.80 - No
6/30/2003 7.00 - No
6/30/2003 7.00 - No
2nd Quarter Average 6.90 Yes -
7/22/2003 5.70 - No
7/22/2003 6.80 - No
8/21/2003 0.68 - No
8/21/2003 5.00 - No
3rd Quarter Average 4.55 Yes -
10/16/2003 3.40 - No
10/16/2003 3.60 - No
4th Quarter Average 3.50 Yes -
Annual Average 5.28 Yes -
5.1.2.3 SLM Side Channel Reservoir
SLM Side Channel Reservoir is listed as impaired by manganese and atrazine. There is
one active station in SLM Side Channel Reservoir (see Figure 5-17). An inventory of
all available data associated with impairments at all depths is presented in Table 5-20.
Table 5-20 SLM Side Channel Reservoir Data Inventory for Impairments
SLM Side Channel Reservoir Segment SOL; Sample Location SOL-1
SOL-1 Period of Record Number of Samples
Atrazine 2003-2006 21
Manganese in Bottom Deposits 2003-2006 2
Total Manganese 2003-2006 10
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5.1.2.3.1 Manganese
SLM Side Channel Reservoir is a public drinking water supply and is listed as
impaired by manganese. The applicable water quality standard is a maximum total
manganese concentration of 150 μg/L. Five samples were collected in 2003 and three
of the five samples are in violation of the public water supply standard. An additional
five samples were collected in 2006, all of which exceeded the 150 μg/L standard.
Table 5-21 summarizes the available historic manganese data for SLM Side Channel
Reservoir.
Table 5-21 Historical Total Manganese Concentrations (μg/L) in SLM Side Channel Reservoir
Date Concentration (μg/L)
5/12/2003 240
6/17/2003 94
7/21/2003 120
8/19/2003 320
10/15/2003 150
4/24/2006 150
6/28/2006 200
7/12/2006 240
8/31/2006 320
10/26/2006 260
Annual Mean Concentration 209
5.1.2.3.2 Atrazine
SLM Side Channel Reservoir is listed for impairment caused by atrazine. Several
surface water samples were collected from station SOL-1 and analyzed for atrazine
concentration during 2003 and again in 2006. There is currently no available data from
raw water intakes or finished water from SLM Side Channel Reservoir for analysis. As
shown in Table 5-22, two of the surface water samples collected in 2003 exceeded the
instantaneous limit of four times the fished water MCL (12 μg/L). In addition, the 2nd
quarter and annual average atrazine concentrations for samples collected at SLM Side
Channel Reservoir in 2003 were in violation of the 3 μg/L standard, although with a
limited number of samples. There were no violations in the 2006 surface water
samples. The total atrazine concentrations for all samples collected at SLM Side
Channel Reservoir are shown in Figure 5-18.
Table 5-22 Available Atrazine Data in SLM Side Channel Reservoir
Date
Concentration
(μg/L)
Average
Greater
than 3 μg/L
Sample
>12 μg/L
(4x MCL)
5/12/2003 4.30 - No
5/12/2003 4.00 - No
6/17/2003 14.00 - Yes
6/17/2003 14.00 - Yes
2nd Quarter 2003 Average 9.08 Yes -
7/21/2003 1.90 - No
7/21/2003 1.80 - No
8/19/2003 0.75 - No
8/19/2003 0.73 - No
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Table 5-22 Available Atrazine Data in SLM Side Channel Reservoir (cont.)
Date
Concentration
(μg/L)
Average
Greater
than 3 μg/L
Sample
>12 μg/L
(4x MCL)
3rd Quarter 2003 Average 1.30 No -
10/15/2003 0.56 - No
10/15/2003 0.56 - No
4th Quarter 2003 Average 0.56 No -
2003 Annual Average 4.26 Yes -
4/24/2006 0.31 - No
4/24/2006 0.00 - No
6/28/2006 1.30 - No
6/28/2006 1.00 - No
2nd Quarter 2006 Average 0.65 No -
7/12/2006 0.62 - No
7/12/2006 0.79 - No
8/31/2006 0.60 - No
8/31/2006 0.59 - No
3rd Quarter 2006 Average 0.65 No -
10/26/2006 0.18 - No
10/26/2006 0.31 - No
4th Quarter 2006 Average 0.25 No -
2006 Annual Average 0.57 No -
5.2 Reservoir Characteristics
There are three impaired reservoirs in the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed. Reservoir
information that can be used for future modeling efforts was collected from GIS
analysis, the Illinois EPA, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and USEPA water
quality data. The following sections will discuss the available data for SLM Side
Channel, Sparta NW, and Coulterville Reservoirs.
5.2.1 SLM Reservoir
The SLM Side Channel Reservoir is a small side-channel reservoir located adjacent to
the SLM Water Commission Water Treatment Plant. The Reservoir was constructed in
1972, and has a surface area of approximately 6 acres. Depths at sampling location
SOL-1 have consistently been 6 feet.
According to the Illinois EPA Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP), drinking
water for several Illinois communities including Summerfield, Lebanon, and
Mascoutah is supplied by the SLM Water Commission (Facility No. 1635090). The
Kaskaskia River and the SLM Reservoir serve as the source of this drinking water.
Water is obtained from one surface water intake in the river (IEPA #60023) and one
intake in the Reservoir (IEPA # 60024). Average pumpage is 2.1 million gallons per
day to approximately 133 service connections and an estimated population of 300
people. Facilities that purchase water from SLM Water Commission include; Trenton
(0270500), New Baden (0274700), New Memphis PWD (0275350), Tritownship
Water District (1190080), Lebanon (1630650), Mascoutah (1630800), Summerfield
(1631350) and FSH Water Commission (1635300). In addition, facilities that receive
water indirectly from SLM through on the connected supplies listed above include;
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Albers (0270050), Damiansville (0275200), Hecker (1330150), Freeburg (1630600)
and Smithton (1631300).
5.2.2 Sparta NW Reservoir
The SWAP Fact Sheet for Sparta states that drinking water for the City of Sparta,
Illinois (Facility No. 1570600) is supplied by the Sparta community water supply
(CWS). Three reservoirs; Sparta Old, Sparta North, and Sparta NW, and the Kaskaskia
River serve as the source of this drinking water. Water is obtained from one surface
water intake in each lake (IEPA #60181, #60182 and #00702) and an intake on the
River (IEPA #60183). Average pumpage is 640,000 gallons per day to approximately
2,686 service connections and an estimated population of 6,455 people. Facilities that
purchase water from Sparta include Eden PWD (1575600), the Village of Baldwin
(1570050), and Egyptian Water Co (1570010).
The Old Sparta Reservoir was created in 1915 by damming a tributary to Mary's River,
and the North Reservoir in 1954 by damming a tributary to Maxwell Creek. The
newest reservoir is the Sparta NW Reservoir, formed in a former Peabody Coal Co.
strip mine. Sparta NW has a surface are of 33 acres. The reservoir is deep with average
bottoms depths in 2003 of 48 feet at SOC-1, 23 feet at SOC-2, and 16 feet at SOC-3.
5.2.3 Coulterville Reservoir
The Coulterville Reservoir is located in Randolph County and has a surface area of
27 acres. The lake was created in 1942 by damming and subsequently flooding
portions of a tributary to the South Fork Mud Creek. Table 5-23 contains depth
information from each sampling location on the reservoir.
Table 5-23 Average Maximum Depths (ft) for Coulterville Reservoir (Illinois EPA 2002 and
USEPA 2002a)
Year ROV-1 ROV-2 ROV-3
1990 17 13.4 10.7
1992 19.1 13.5 10.4
1993 19.8 13.8 9.4
Average 18.6 13.6 10.2
The Coulterville SWAP Fact Sheet states that drinking water for the Village of
Coulterville, Illinois (Facility No. 1570150) is supplied by the Coulterville community
water supply (CWS). Coulterville Reservoir acts as the source of this drinking water.
Coulterville operates a surface water intake (IEPA #60056) in the lake drawing an
average of 179,100 gallons per day. This intake has one port at a fixed depth in the
lake. Coulterville provides water to approximately 515 service connections and an
estimated population of 1,100 people in Randolph County.
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5.3 Point Sources
There are 14 active point sources
located within the Lower Kaskaskia
River watershed that discharge to or
upstream of impaired segments.
Table 5-24 contains permit information
for these point sources while
Figure 5-19 shows the location of each
facility. Permit limits and discharge
monitoring reports will be analyzed
and further detailed during Stage 3
TMDL development.
Historically, mining was also present
within the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed. Mining records were not available at the
time of Stage 1 TMDL development; however, historic mining information will be
reviewed and incorporated where appropriate during the final stages of TMDL
development in this watershed.
5.4 Nonpoint Sources
There are a number of potential nonpoint sources of pollutant loading to the impaired
segments in the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed. This section will discuss cropping
practices, animal operations, and area septic systems. General information was
collected from the Illinois Department of Agriculture and the national Agricultural
Statistics Survey, while site specific data were collected through communication with
the local NRCS, Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD), public health
departments, and county tax department officials.
5.4.1 Crop Information
The majority of the land found within the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed is devoted
to crops. Corn and soybean farming account for approximately 27 percent and
24 percent of the watershed respectively. Tillage practices can be categorized as
conventional till, reduced till, mulch-till, and no-till. The percentage of each tillage
practice for corn, soybeans, and small grains by county are generated by the Illinois
Department of Agriculture from County Transect Surveys. The most recent survey was
conducted in 2006. Data specific to the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed were not
available; however, the Clinton, Monroe, Perry, Randolph, St Clair, and Washington
County practices were available and are shown in the following tables.
Table 5-25 Tillage Practices in Clinton County
Tillage System Corn Soybean Small Grain
Conventional 67% 29% 15%
Reduced - Till 5% 5% 0%
Mulch - Till 20% 26% 62%
No - Till 8% 40% 23%
Table 5-24 Permitted Facilities Discharging to or
Upstream of Impaired Segments in the Lower
Kaskaskia River Watershed
Facility ID Facility Name
ILG580235 Hecker STP
ILG640056 Coulterville WTP
ILG840054 Columbia Quarry
IL0000043 Dynegy Midwest Generation
IL0021181 Swansea STP
IL0021873 Belleville STP #1
IL0026948 Adoreres of the Blood of Christ
IL0032310 Freeburg West STP
IL0046663 Dutch Hollow Village, Inc
IL0063282 Ruma STP
IL0066133 Sparta STP
IL0071579 Maple Leaf Estates Water Corp
IL0075442 Home Oil Company - Belleville
IL0021440 Evansville STP
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Table 5-26 Tillage Practices in Monroe County
Tillage System Corn Soybean Small Grain
Conventional 68% 20% 2%
Reduced - Till 24% 36% 25%
Mulch - Till 5% 22% 31%
No - Till 3% 22% 42%
Table 5-27 Tillage Practices in Perry County
Tillage System Corn Soybean Small Grain
Conventional 15% 6% 1%
Reduced - Till 32% 23% 6%
Mulch - Till 17% 6% 7%
No - Till 36% 65% 86%
Table 5-28 Tillage Practices in Randolph County
Tillage System Corn Soybean Small Grain
Conventional 81% 21% 17%
Reduced - Till 11% 15% 7%
Mulch - Till 7% 9% 56%
No - Till 1% 55% 20%
Table 5-29 Tillage Practices in St Clair County
Tillage System Corn Soybean Small Grain
Conventional 97% 29% 89%
Reduced - Till 1% 23% 7%
Mulch - Till 1% 7% 2%
No - Till 1% 41% 2%
Table 5-30 Tillage Practices in Washington County
Tillage System Corn Soybean Small Grain
Conventional 49% 12% 10%
Reduced - Till 23% 15% 72%
Mulch - Till 3% 21% 11%
No - Till 25% 52% 7%
Estimates on tile drainage within the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed were provided
by the Madison, Monroe, Randolph, St Clair, and Washington County NRCS offices.
Following is a summary of each county's estimates:
Madison County: tile drains are used within the TMDL watershed portion of the
county, however, the amount of tile used on each field is minimal and less than
50 percent of the fields are extensively tiled
Monroe County: field tiling within this portion of the watershed is minimal, as the
majority of fields are drained by surface ditches
Randolph County: field tiles are used on the majority of fields within the Randolph
County portion of the watershed; however, no estimate was available as to the
percentage of fields. Randolph County NRCS officials acknowledged that the City of
Coulterville has been actively working to remedy the atrazine levels in Coulterville
Reservoir and that they believe the most likely source of the chemical is a large area of
cropland located upstream.
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St Clair County: field tiles are minimally used within the county. St Clair County
NCRS officials are currently encouraging the use of field tiles within the county,
however, the majority of fields were tiled prior to 1900, and as a result no estimate on
the percentage of fields tiled was available
Washington County: field tiles are not used in this portion of the watershed. NCRS
states that the soils in this portion of the state are too tight to allow adequate drainage
of fields via field tiles.
Information on tile drainage was not available for the remaining counties, which cover
a very small portion of the watershed. Should more detailed site-specific data become
available, it will be incorporated during the remaining stages of TMDL development.
If more precise local information is necessary for modeling, soils data may be
reviewed for information on hydrologic soil group in order to provide a basis for tile
drain estimates.
5.4.2 Animal Operations
Animal populations are available from the National Agricultural Statistics Service.
Data specific to the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed were not available; however,
the Clinton, Monroe, Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, and Washington County animal
populations were reviewed and are presented in the following tables.
Table 5-31 Clinton County Animal Population (2002 Census of Agriculture)
1997 2002 Percent Change
Cattle and Calves 37,735 36,849 -2%
Beef 5,095 2,242 -56%
Dairy 14,830 15,080 2%
Hogs and Pigs 93,190 177,880 91%
Poultry 552,992 514,945 -7%
Sheep and Lambs 473 430 -9%
Horses and Ponies NA 402 NA
Table 5-32 Monroe County Animal Population (2002 Census of Agriculture)
1997 2002 Percent Change
Cattle and Calves 10,200 9,846 -3%
Beef 3,525 3,451 -2%
Dairy 950 1,351 42%
Hogs and Pigs 52,235 42,551 -19%
Poultry 444 560 26%
Sheep and Lambs 973 667 -31%
Horses and Ponies NA 446 NA
Table 5-33 Perry County Animal Population (2002 Census of Agriculture)
1997 2002 Percent Change
Cattle and Calves 11,968 12,384 3%
Beef 4,601 5,360 16%
Dairy 479 717 50%
Hogs and Pigs 10,253 4,909 -52%
Poultry 488 309 -37%
Sheep and Lambs 231 126 -45%
Horses and Ponies NA 232 NA
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Table 5-34 Randolph County Animal Population (2002 Census of Agriculture)
1997 2002 Percent Change
Cattle and Calves 21,920 17,967 -18%
Beef 8,246 6,540 -21%
Dairy 2,050 2,039 -1%
Hogs and Pigs 27,140 10,034 -63%
Poultry 1,299 182 -86%
Sheep and Lambs 866 660 -24%
Horses and Ponies NA 708 NA
Table 5-35 St Clair County Animal Population (2002 Census of Agriculture)
1997 2002 Percent Change
Cattle and Calves 8,362 6,985 -16%
Beef 1,888 1,656 -12%
Dairy 1,096 1,039 -5%
Hogs and Pigs 39,433 30,188 -23%
Poultry 1,426 790 -45%
Sheep and Lambs 449 374 -17%
Horses and Ponies NA 879 NA
Further information regarding animal operations was collected through
communications with local NRCS officials. Madison County NRCS officials provided
that there has been major urbanization within the county during the past ten years. As a
result, the majority of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have been
removed. The remaining CAFOs are closely monitored via their nutrient management
plans and NRCS officials do not believe that they are a significant source of water
body use impairment. Specific information from the Monroe County NRCS office was
not available; however, NRCS officials did state that there are several livestock
operations within the watershed in Monroe County. Randolph County NRCS officials
indicated that within the watershed area there are only a few small animal operations.
St Clair County officials stated that CAFOs within the county are very limited due to
urban development. They believe that less than 10 CAFOs exist within this portion of
the TMDL watershed. Officials state that due to development, the number of CAFOs is
continually decreasing, but the animal units per CAFO are increasing. Washington
County NRCS officials indicated that there are approximately 12 dairies within their
portion of the watershed, and a few of these operations are located within one mile of
each of the impaired segments. It is also estimated that five hog operations exist in this
area, but none are located close to impaired segments.
Information on animal operations was not available for the remaining counties, which
cover a very small portion of the watershed. Any additional site-specific information
that becomes available will be incorporated into the final TMDL.
Table 5-36 Washington County Animal Population (2002 Census of Agriculture)
1997 2002 Percent Change
Cattle and Calves 25,960 26,581 2%
Beef 4,333 4,482 3%
Dairy 7,854 7,834 0%
Hogs and Pigs 47,626 62,113 30%
Poultry NA 396 NA
Sheep and Lambs 1,043 359 -66%
Horses and Ponies NA 101 NA
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5.4.3 Septic Systems
Many households in rural areas of Illinois that are not connected to municipal sewers
make use of onsite sewage disposal systems, or septic systems. There are many types
of septic systems, but the most common septic system is composed of a septic tank
draining to a septic field, where nutrient removal occurs. However, the degree of
nutrient removal is limited by soils and system upkeep and maintenance.
Across the U.S., septic systems have been found to be a potential and sometimes
significant source of phosphorus and fecal coliform pollution. Information on septic
systems within the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed was obtained, specifically for the
areas surrounding Kaskaskia River segment O-20 and O-30 (primary contact
recreation uses impaired by fecal coliform), and the Coulterville and Sparta NW
Reservoirs (aesthetic quality use impaired by total phosphorus). Information on
sewered and septic municipalities was obtained from county health departments.
Additional information on household estimates was obtained from county tax assessors
when necessary.
Clinton County and Washington County health departments were contacted to obtain
information regarding the area surrounding Kaskaskia River segment O-20. According
to Clinton County Health Department officials, the towns in this area of the county are
Wertenberg and New Memphis. The homes within these towns as well as the homes in
nearby outlying areas are served by private septic systems. Clinton County health
officials provided that they have not received complaints regarding failing septic
systems in this area; however, they were unable to estimate the number of homes in
this area. Information regarding the number of homes in Clinton County surrounding
Kaskaskia River segment O-20 was obtained from the Clinton County Tax Assessor.
According to the office of the assessor, there are approximately 150 homes in this
section of Clinton County. Washington County health officials provided that there is
only one small town called Venedy in the area surrounding segment O-20 within
Washington County. The health official stated that this town, as well as the
surrounding unincorporated area, is served by private septic systems. Furthermore,
they estimate that the population of Venedy is approximately 130 people, residing in
about 40 to 50 homes served by private septic systems. Washington County health
officials also estimated that there are an additional 50 homes in the unincorporated area
surrounding Kaskaskia River segment O-20. The Washington County health
department has not received any complaints regarding failing septic systems operating
in this area.
With combined information from Clinton and Washington County health departments,
and the Clinton County assessor's office, it is estimated that there are 250 homes in the
area surrounding Kaskaskia River segment O-20. All of these homes are served by
private septic systems. Although the condition of these septic systems is unknown,
there have not been any recent complaints reported to the area health departments
concerning malfunctions.
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The Monroe-Randolph Bi-County Health Department was contacted regarding the
areas surrounding Kaskaskia River segment O-30, Sparta NW Reservoir and
Coulterville Reservoir. The town of Evansville is located along segment O-30 of the
Kaskaskia River and is served by municipal sewers that are treated by lagoons south of
the Route 3 overpass. Rural homes in the area are served by private septic systems.
The health department was unable to estimate the number of rural residences in this
area but has not received any complaints regarding private systems.
Health department officials provided that Sparta NW Reservoir lies along the outskirts
of the town of Sparta. While Sparta is served by city sewer within the city limits,
health officials estimated that there are approximately 30 to 40 homes served by
private septic systems located near the reservoir beyond the city limits. They also
estimated that there are a few residences in the area surrounding Coulterville that
would be on private septic systems. There have been no complaints received by the
health department related to these septic systems.
5.5 Watershed Studies and Other Watershed Information
The extent of previous planning efforts within the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed is
not known. It is assumed that this information will become available through public
meetings within the watershed community. In the event that other watershed-specific
information becomes available, it will be reviewed and all applicable data will be
incorporated during Stages 2 and 3 of TMDL development.
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Richland Creek
OC-95
Kinney Branch
OCF
Richland Creek
OC-04
KaskaskiaRiver
O-20
Horse Creek
OB-03
§¨¦64
Kaskaskia
River
O-97 ¬«154
¬«3
Coulterville
ROV
Little Mud Creek
OE-02
Plum Creek Sparta NW
SOC
SLM Side
ChannelReservoir
SOL
Silver Creek
Silver Creek
Madison
Madison
St. Clair
St. Clair St. Clair
Monroe
Randolph St. Clair
Prarie DuLong
Grantfork
Summerfield
¬«4
¬«15
¬«153
¬«160
¬«159
tu50
¬«1
¬«13
Kaskaskia
River
O-30
Kaskaskia River
O-03
SOC-1
SOC-2
SOC-3
ROV-1
ROV-2
ROV-3
SOL-1
St. Clair
Madison
Randolph
Monroe
Washington Clinton
Bond
Perry
Macoupin
Montgomery
Clinton
Sparta
Belleville
O'Fallon
Marissa
Troy
Mascoutah
Scott AFB
Shiloh
Swansea
Lebanon
Oakdale
Red Bud
Collinsville
Freeburg
Hamel
Tilden
New Athens
Fairview Heights
Williamson
Lenzburg
Marine
Smithton
St. Libory
Alhambra
Waterloo
Millstadt
Evansville
Ruma
St. Jacob
Mount Olive
New Baden
Ellis Grove
Staunton
O-30
O-20
OE-05
OE-04
OB-03
OC-SW-C5
OC-BV-A2
OCF-FB-C3
OC-04
OC-SW-C2
OC-SW-C1
OC-SW-C3A OC-SW-A1
OCF-FB-C2
OCF-FB-C1
OCF-FB-A1
Figure 5-1
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Water Quality Stations
 
DRAFT 0 5 10 20 Miles
Legend
") Water Quality Stations
Municipalities
County Boundary
Interstates
State and US Highways
Watershed
Streams and Rivers
Minor Streams
Lakes and Reservoirs
303(d) Listed Lakes
303(d) Listed Streams
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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1000
10000
100000
/100ml)
O-20
O-30
Standard 200 cfu/100ml
Standard 400 cfu/100ml
DRAFT
Figure 5-2:
Fecal Coliform Counts
Lower Kaskaskia River
1
10
100
1/4/1990
7/4/1990
1/4/1991
7/4/1991
1/4/1992
7/4/1992
1/4/1993
7/4/1993
1/4/1994
7/4/1994
1/4/1995
7/4/1995
1/4/1996
7/4/1996
1/4/1997
7/4/1997
1/4/1998
7/4/1998
1/4/1999
7/4/1999
1/4/2000
7/4/2000
1/4/2001
7/4/2001
1/4/2002
7/4/2002
1/4/2003
7/4/2003
1/4/2004
7/4/2004
1/4/2005
7/4/2005
Count (CFU/
Date Collected
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
n (mg/L)
O-30
OB-03
OC-04
OE-02
WQ Standard
DRAFT
Figure 5-3:
Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations on
Kaskaskia River Segment O-30, Horse Creek Segment OB-03,
Richland Creek South Segment OC-04 and Mud Creek Segment OE-02
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1/4/1990
7/4/1990
1/4/1991
7/4/1991
1/4/1992
7/4/1992
1/4/1993
7/4/1993
1/4/1994
7/4/1994
1/4/1995
7/4/1995
1/4/1996
7/4/1996
1/4/1997
7/4/1997
1/4/1998
7/4/1998
1/4/1999
7/4/1999
1/4/2000
7/4/2000
1/4/2001
7/4/2001
1/4/2002
7/4/2002
1/4/2003
7/4/2003
1/4/2004
7/4/2004
1/4/2005
7/4/2005
1/4/2006
7/4/2006
1/4/2007
7/4/2007
1/4/2008
7/4/2008
Concentratio
Sample Date
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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4
5
6
7
mg/L)
OC-95 (8/8/1996)
OCF (8/2/1996)
Instantaneous
Minimum WQ
DRAFT
Figure 5-4:
Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations
Facility Related Stream Surveys
Richland Creek South Segment OC-95 and Kinney Branch Segment OCF
0
1
2
3
OC-BV-A2 OC-SW-A1 OC-SW-C1 OC-SW-C2 OC-SW-C3A OC-SW-C5 OCF-FB-A1 OCF-FB-C1 OCF-FB-C2 OCF-FB-C3
Concentration (m
Sampling Station
Standard (3.5 mg/L)
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
d Units)
DRAFT
Figure 5-5:
pH Values
Kaskaskia River Segment O-30
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
1/4/1990
7/4/1990
1/4/1991
7/4/1991
1/4/1992
7/4/1992
1/4/1993
7/4/1993
1/4/1994
7/4/1994
1/4/1995
7/4/1995
1/4/1996
7/4/1996
1/4/1997
7/4/1997
1/4/1998
7/4/1998
1/4/1999
7/4/1999
1/4/2000
7/4/2000
1/4/2001
7/4/2001
1/4/2002
7/4/2002
1/4/2003
7/4/2003
1/4/2004
7/4/2004
1/4/2005
7/4/2005
pH (Standard
Collection date
pH
Standard Minimum (6.5)
Standard Maximum (9.0)
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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800
1000
1200
1400
on (μg/L)
O-03
O-20
O-30
O-97
PWS Standard
General Use Standard
DRAFT
Figure 5-6:
Manganese Concentrations
Public Water Supply Streams
Lower Kaskaski River Watershed
0
200
400
600
1/4/1990
7/4/1990
1/4/1991
7/4/1991
1/4/1992
7/4/1992
1/4/1993
7/4/1993
1/4/1994
7/4/1994
1/4/1995
7/4/1995
1/4/1996
7/4/1996
1/4/1997
7/4/1997
1/4/1998
7/4/1998
1/4/1999
7/4/1999
1/4/2000
7/4/2000
1/4/2001
7/4/2001
1/4/2002
7/4/2002
1/4/2003
7/4/2003
1/4/2004
7/4/2004
1/4/2005
7/4/2005
Concentratio
Collection Date
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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2500
3000
3500
4000
(
μg/L)
OCF
OE-02
DRAFT
Figure 5-7:
Manganese Concentrations
Kinney Branch and Mud Creek
0
500
1000
1500
2000
7/10/1996 8/02/1996 8/02/1996 8/02/1996 8/02/1996 11/12/1996 6/24/2002 7/08/2002 7/08/2002 8/27/2002
Concentration Collection Date
General Use/Aquatic Life
Standards (1000μg/L)
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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40.00
50.00
60.00
(
μg/L)
Raw Water Intake
Raw Water Quarterly Average
Raw Water Rolling Annual Average
Finished water Concentrations
Finished Water Max MCL
Finished Water 4x Max MCL
DRAFT
Figure 5-8:
Atrazine Concentrations
Kaskaskia River Segment O-03
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
4/1/03 7/1/03 9/30/03 12/30/03 3/31/04 6/30/04 9/29/04 12/29/04 3/31/05 6/30/05 9/29/05 12/29/05
Concentration Date
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
μg/L)
Raw Water Concentration
Raw Water Quarterly Average
Raw Water Rolling Annual Average
Finished Water Concentration
Finished Water Max MCL
Finished Water 4x Max Concentration
DRAFT
Figure 5-9:
Atrazine Concentrations
Kaskaskia River segment O-30
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
1/1/04 4/1/04 7/1/04 9/30/04 12/31/04 4/1/05 7/1/05 10/1/05 12/31/05
Concentration (μ
Date
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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¬«13
¬«153
¬«153
Coulterville
ROV
Perry
Randolph
Randolph
Washington
Coulterville
Plum Creek
ROV-3
ROV-2
ROV-1
Figure 5-10
Coulterville Reservoir
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
0 0.3 0.6 1.2 Miles Water Quality Sampling Locations
DRAFT
Legend
") Water Quality Stations
County Boundary
Interstates
State and US Highways
Watershed
Streams and Rivers
Minor Streams
Lakes and Reservoirs
303(d) Listed Lakes
303(d) Listed Streams
 
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
mg/L)
ROV-1
ROV-2
ROV-3
DRAFT
Figure 5-11:
Annual Average Phosphorus Concentrations
Coulterville Reservoir
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
1990 1992 1993 1999 2004
Concentration (m
Year
Standard (0.05 mg/L)
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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30
33
36
39
42
45
48
51
μg/L)
ROV-1
ROV-3
DRAFT
Figure 5-12:
Atrazine Concentrations in Surface Water
Coulterville Reservoir
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
4/30/99 6/8/99 7/22/99 8/23/99 8/23/99 8/23/99 10/13/99
Concentration (μ
Collection Date
Public Water Supply
MCL (3 μg/L)
4x MCL for Raw Water
MCL (12 μg/L)
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
μg/L)
Raw Water Concentration
Raw Water Quarterly Average
Raw Water Roling Annual Average
Finished Water Concentration
Finished Water Max MCL
Finished Water 4x Max Concentration
DRAFT
Figure 5-13:
Atrazine Concentrations in Raw and Treated Water
Coulterville Reservoir
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
1/1/03 4/2/03 7/2/03 10/1/03 1/1/04 4/1/04 7/1/04 10/1/04 12/31/04
Concentration (μ
Date
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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Plum Creek
¬«154
¬«4
¬«4
Sparta
Sparta NW
SOC
SOC-3
SOC-2
SOC-1
Figure 5-14
Sparta NW Reservoir
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
0 0.25 0.5 1 Miles Water Quality Sampling Locations
DRAFT
Legend
") Water Quality Stations
County Boundary
Interstates
State and US Highways
Watershed
Streams and Rivers
Minor Streams
Lakes and Reservoirs
303(d) Listed Lakes
303(d) Listed Streams
 
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
mg/L)
SOC-1
SOC-2
SOC-3
DRAFT
Figure 5-15:
Total Phosphorus Concentrations
at One-Foot Depth
Sparta NW Reservoir
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
10/16/03 (a) 10/16/03 (b) 7/22/03 (a) 7/22/03 (b) 8/21/03 (a) 8/21/03 (b)
Concentration (m
Collection Date
Standard (0.05 mg/L)
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
(μg/L)
4x MCL for Raw Water
MCL (12 μg/L)
DRAFT
Figure 5-16:
Atrazine Concentrations at SOC-2
Sparta NW Reservoir
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
6/30/2003
(a)
6/30/2003
(b)
6/30/2003
(c)
6/30/2003
(d)
2nd Quarter
Average
7/22/2003
(a)
7/22/2003
(b)
8/21/2003
(a)
8/21/2003
(b)
3rd Quarter
Average
10/16/2003
(a)
10/16/2003
(b)
4th Quarter
Average
Annual
Average
Concentration
Collection Date or Average
Public Water Supply
MCL (3 μg/L)
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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SLM Side Channel Reservoir
SOL
Kaskaskia River
O-20
SOL-1
Figure 5-17
SLM Side Channel Reservoir
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
0 0.125 0.25 0.5 Miles Water Quality Sampling Locations
DRAFT
Legend
") Water Quality Stations
County Boundary
Interstates
State and US Highways
Watershed
Streams and Rivers
Minor Streams
Lakes and Reservoirs
303(d) Listed Lakes
303(d) Listed Streams
 
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
tration (μg/L)
4x MCL for Raw Water
MCL (12 μg/L)
DRAFT
Figure 5-18:
Atrazine Concentrations at SOL-1
SLM Side Channel Reservoir
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Concent
Collection Date or Average
Public Water Supply
MCL (3 μg/L)
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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!
!
!
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
!( !(
!(
!(
!(
Richland Creek
OC-95
Kinney Branch
OCF
Kaskaskia River
O-20
Horse Creek
OB-03
§¨¦64
Kaskaskia
River
O-97 ¬«154
¬«3
Coulterville
ROV
Little Mud Creek
OE-02
Plum Creek
Sparta NW
SOC
SLM Side
Channel Reservoir
SOL
Silver Creek
Silver Creek
Madison
Madison
St. Clair
St. Clair St. Clair
Monroe
Randolph St. Clair
Prarie DuLong
Grantfork
Summerfield
¬«4
¬«15
¬«153
¬«160
¬«159
tu50
¬«1
¬«13
Dutch Hollow Village, Inc.
Home Oil Company - Belleville
Sparta STP
Coulterville WTP
Perry
Dynegy Midwest
Columbia
Quarry
Freeburg West STP
Kaskaskia
River
O-30
Kaskaskia River
O-03
Swansea STP
Belleville STP #1
Hecker STP
Richland Creek
OC-04
Maple Leaf Estates Water Corp.
Ruma STP
Evansville STP
Adorers of the Blood Christ
St. Clair
Madison
Randolph
Monroe
Washington Clinton
Bond
Macoupin
Montgomery
Clinton
Sparta
Belleville
O'Fallon
Troy
Mascoutah
Shiloh
Swansea
Lebanon
Oakdale
Red Bud
Collinsville
Freeburg
Hamel
Tilden
New
Athens
Fairview Heights
Williamson
Lenzburg
Marine
Smithton
St. Libory
Alhambra
Waterloo
Millstadt
Evansville
Ruma
St. Jacob
Mount Olive
New Baden
Ellis Grove
Staunton
Figure 5-19
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed
Point Sources
 
DRAFT 0 5 10 20 Miles
Legend
!( Point Sources
Municipalities
County Boundary
Interstates
State and US Highways
Watershed
Streams and Rivers
Minor Streams
Lakes and Reservoirs
303(d) Listed Lakes
303(d) Listed Streams
Section 5
Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed Characterization
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FINAL 6-1
\\Densvr1\projects\IEPA-2008\Stage1Drafts\Kaskaskia\FinalText\Sec 6 Kask_FINAL.docx
Section 6
Approach to Developing TMDL and
Identification of Data Needs
Illinois EPA is currently developing TMDLs for pollutants that have numeric water
quality standards. Of the pollutants causing impairment to stream segments in the
Lower Kaskaskia River watershed; manganese, pH, DO, total fecal coliform, and
atrazine are all of the parameters with numeric water quality standards. For the
reservoirs in the watershed, manganese, atrazine and total phosphorus are the only
parameters with numeric water quality standards. Refer to Table 1-1 for a full list of
potential causes of impairment. Illinois EPA believes that addressing the parameters
with numeric standards should lead to an overall improvement in water quality due to
the interrelated nature of the other listed pollutants. Recommended technical
approaches for developing TMDLs for streams and lakes are presented in this section.
Additional data needs are also discussed.
6.1 Simple and Detailed Approaches for Developing TMDLs
The range of analyses used for developing TMDLs varies from simple to complex.
Examples of a simple approach include mass-balance, load-duration, and simple
watershed and receiving water models. Detailed approaches incorporate the use of
complex watershed and receiving water models. Simple approaches typically require
less data than detailed approaches and therefore these are the analyses recommended
for the Lower Kaskaskia River watershed except for stream segments where there are
major point sources whose NDPES permit may be affected by the TMDL's WLA.
Establishing a link between pollutant loads and resulting water quality is one of the
most important steps in developing a TMDL. As discussed above, this link can be
established through a variety of techniques. The objective of the remainder of this
section is to recommend a